Davis oxidation

In organic chemistry, the Davis oxidation or Davis' oxaziridine oxidation refers to oxidations involving the use of the Davis reagent (2-(phenylsulfonyl)-3-phenyloxaziridine) or other similar oxaziridine reagents.^[1] This reaction mainly refers to the generation of α-hydroxy carbonyl compounds (acyloins) from ketones or esters.^[2]^[3] The reaction is carried out in a basic environment to generate the corresponding enolate from the ketone or ester. This reaction has been shown to work for amides.^[4]

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Davis oxidation
Named after	Franklin A. Davis
Reaction type	Organic redox reaction
Identifiers
Organic Chemistry Portal	davis-oxidation

Other oxidations carried out by Davis' reagent include the oxidation of sulfides and selenides to sulfoxides^[5]^[6] and selenoxides^[7] without further oxidation; the oxidation of alkenes to epoxides;^[8]^[9]^[10] and the oxidation of amines to hydroxylamines and amine oxides.^[11]

Mechanism

Regarding the α-hydroxylation of carbonyls, the base first converts the ketone or ester into its corresponding enolate. Then, the enolate anion as a nucleophile attacks the oxygen atom of the oxaziridine in a S_N2 mechanism, forming a hemiaminal intermediate. The intermediate then fragments into a sulfinimine, and, after protonation, the desired α-hydroxyketone or α-hydroxyester.^[3]^[12]^[13]

References

[1]
Kürti, László; Czakó, Barbara (29 September 2005). Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis. Elsevier Science. pp. 130–131. ISBN 978-0-12-429785-2.
[2]
Davis, Franklin A.; Vishwakarma, Lal C.; Billmers, Joanne G.; Finn, John (1 August 1984). "Synthesis of α-hydroxycarbonyl compounds (acyloins): direct oxidation of enolates using 2-sulfonyloxaziridines". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 49 (17): 3241–3243. doi:10.1021/jo00191a048.
[3]
Davis, Franklin A.; Chen, Bang Chi (1992). "Asymmetric hydroxylation of enolates with N-sulfonyloxaziridines". Chemical Reviews. 92 (5): 919–934. doi:10.1021/cr00013a008.
[4]
Evans, David Albert; Morrissey, Michael M.; Dorow, Roberta L. (1985-07-01). "Asymmetric oxygenation of chiral imide enolates. A general approach to the synthesis of enantiomerically pure α-hydroxy carboxylic acid synthons". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 107 (14): 4346–4348. doi:10.1021/ja00300a054.
[5]
Mata, Ernesto G. (1996). "Recent advances in the synthesis of sulfoxides from sulfides". Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements. 117 (1): 231–286. doi:10.1080/10426509608038790.
[6]
Bohé, Luis; Lusinchi, Marie; Lusinchi, Xavier (1999). "Oxygen atom transfer from a chiral N-alkyl oxaziridine promoted by acid. The asymmetric oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides". Tetrahedron. 55 (1): 155–156. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(98)01035-7.
[7]
Davis, Franklin A.; Stringer, Orum D.; Billmers, Joanne M. (1983). "Oxidation of selenides to selenoxides using 2-sulfonyloxaziridines". Tetrahedron Letters. 24 (12): 1213–1216. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)81617-2.
[8]
Davis, Franklin A.; Abdul-Malik, Nadia F.; Awad, Sami B.; Harakal, Mark E. (1981). "Epoxidation of olefins by oxaziridines". Tetrahedron Letters. 22 (10): 917–920. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(81)89008-9.
[9]
Davis, Franklin A.; Harakal, Mark E.; Awad, Sami B. (1983). "Chemistry of oxaziridines. 4. Asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized alkenes using chiral 2-sulfonyloxaziridines: evidence for a planar transition state geometry". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 105 (10): 3123–3126. doi:10.1021/ja00348a029.
[10]
Bohé, Luis; Lusinchi, Marie; Lusinchi, Xavier (1999). "Oxygen atom transfer from a chiral oxaziridinium salt. Asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins". Tetrahedron. 55 (1): 141–154. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(98)01034-5.
[11]
Zajac, Walter W. Jr.; Walters, Thomas R.; Darcy, Michael G. (1988). "Oxidation of amines with 2-sulfonyloxaziridines (Davis' reagents)". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 53 (25): 5856–5860. doi:10.1021/jo00260a012.
[12]
Davis, Franklin A.; Sheppard, Aurelia C.; Chen, Bang Chi; Haque, M. Serajul (1990). "Chemistry of oxaziridines. 14. Asymmetric oxidation of ketone enolates using enantiomerically pure (camphorylsulfonyl)oxaziridine". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 112 (18): 6679–6690. doi:10.1021/ja00174a035.
[13]
Davis, Franklin A.; Weismiller, Michael C.; Murphy, Christopher K.; Reddy, R. Thimma; Chen, Bang Chi (1992). "Chemistry of oxaziridines. 18. Synthesis and enantioselective oxidations of the [(8,8-dihalocamphoryl)sulfonyl]oxaziridines". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 57 (26): 7274–7285. doi:10.1021/jo00052a050.

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