Dealul Spirii Trial
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Dealul Spirii Trial (Romanian: Procesul din Dealul Spirii) was a political trial conducted from January to June 1922 by a military tribunal in the Kingdom of Romania.[1] 271 members of the Communist Party of Romania were accused of treason after voting for the inclusion of the party into the Third International. The defendants were convicted and later pardoned.
The trial — the largest anti-communist trial in the country during the interwar period[1] — was the first step of the repression of communists in the Kingdom of Romania. Less than two years after the trial, the parliament voted a total ban of the Communist Party and communist ideology; for the next two decades, the government enforced a violent repression against the communists and labour unions.
A number of politicians and intellectuals, including Nicolae Iorga, Dem I. Dobrescu, and Iuliu Maniu voiced their discontent over the lack of constitutional basis for the trial.[2]
On May 12, 1921, the last day of the Congress of the Romanian Socialist-Communist Party, the party leaders (including Gheorghe Cristescu, Moscu Kohn, Mihail Gheorghiu Bujor, and Elek Köblös), as well as a large number of communist sympathisers were arrested[2] by gendarmes and police who broke into the hall.[3]
They were held for eight months in miserable conditions, the detention being extremely tough for all of them, being tortured and not being allowed to have visits of relatives.[2] They were forced to work for the military, cleaning up the latrines and the courtyards of the barracks.[3]
Charges
The communists were put into a joint trial with Max Goldstein, an anarchist who bombed the Senate on 8 December 1920, killing three people.[3]
The charges included a large number of crimes including crime against the state security, terrorism, collaboration with the enemy and instigation to riot. The main evidence for the charges was that the communists voted for the affiliation of the party to the Third International.[2]
Gheorghe Cristescu, the leader of the party was the main defendant. Constantin Cernat, the royal commissaire, accused him of "taking an active part in preaching the abolition of the present form of government, preaching rebellion, insulting and contempting state institutions".[2] Cernat tried to prove the links between the Socialist movement in Romania and the Soviet Union.[3]
Trial
The trial took place on Dealul Spirii, a hill in Bucharest, where the Senate of Romania was located, and where the Palace of the Parliament now stands. Under the pretext that the courtroom was too small, the public was not allowed to witness the trial and only a small number of journalists were allowed inside.[2]
The main defense attorney was Dem I. Dobrescu, the dean of the Bucharest Bar, helped by leading lawyers including Osvald Teodoreanu, Iorgu Petrovici, and N. D. Cocea. The defense brought 600 witnesses, while the prosecuting attorney brought 300 witnesses.[2]
In favour of the communists spoke General Alexandru Averescu, Iuliu Maniu, the managing director of Adevărul, and Constantin Mille; historian Nicolae Iorga said he supported the communists' right to a fair trial and argued that the affiliation to an international organization is not an action against state security.[2]
The defense strategy was to try to separate the defenders into people who were arrested for their political activity (the communists) and the anarchists, such as Max Goldstein.[2]
