Didacna protracta

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Didacna protracta

Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Bivalvia
Order:	Cardiida
Family:	Cardiidae
Genus:	Didacna
Species:	D. protracta
Binomial name
*Didacna protracta* (Eichwald, 1841)
Synonyms
Didacna protracta var. grimmi Andrusov, 1910 Didacna protracta var. media Andrusov, 1910 Didacna protracta var. submedia Andrusov, 1910

Didacna protracta is a brackish-water bivalve mollusc of the family Cardiidae, the cockles. It has a rounded-trapezoidal, thick, whitish shell, up to 42 mm (1.7 in) in length, with a small umbo and flattened ribs. The species is endemic to the Caspian Sea. It lives in the middle and southern parts of the sea at depths between 25 and 85 m (82–279 ft), rarely deeper.

Similar species

Didacna protracta has a rounded-trapezoidal, thick, moderately convex shell, with a small umbo, 30–40 flattened radial ribs, dense growth lines on the ventral margin and a smooth posterior ridge, which is more distinct near the umbo.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] The shell length is up to 42 mm (1.7 in).^[3]^[4] The coloration is whitish, with thin pale yellowish gray periostracum.^[4] The hinge consists of one or two cardinal teeth in the right valve and one cardinal tooth in the left valve. The right valve sometimes has weakly developed lateral teeth.^[3]

Didacna profundicola has a smaller shell, up to 15 mm (0.59 in) in length.^[3]

The fossil species Didacna catillus has a less equilateral and usually more convex shell, with a wider posterior slope and without the characteristic dense growth lines on the ventral margin.^[3]^[5]

Distribution and ecology

Didacna protracta is endemic to the Caspian Sea. It lives in the middle and southern parts of the sea at depths between 25 and 85 m (82–279 ft), rarely deeper.^[1]^[6] The species does not occur in waters with salinity of less than 5‰.^[7]

Fossil record

Didacna protracta is widespread in the Late Pleistocene (Lower Khvalynian) deposits of the northern Caspian Region. It is less common in the Upper Khvalynian sediments and is also present in the Holocene (Neocaspian) deposits of the Caspian Sea.^[3]^[5]

Taxonomy

The species was first described as Adacna protracta by Karl Eichwald in 1841 who found its fossilized shells in the surroundings of the Lake Elton (the type locality of the species) on the Caspian Lowland.^[8]^[9] One of Eichwald's specimens has been kept in the Geological Cabinet of the Saint Petersburg University,^[4]^[10] although the type series is considered lost. A single specimen from the Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PIN), collected from the Late Pleistocene (Lower Khvalynian) deposits near the Lake Elton, was designated as the neotype of this species by Lidiya Aleksandrovna Nevesskaja in 2007.^[3]

Earlier in 1829, Eichwald described the fossil species Cardium protractum.^[11] In 2013 Pavel Vladimirovich Kijashko regarded it as a senior synonym of A. protracta, changing the authorship of D. protracta to "Eichwald, 1829".^[12]^[13] However, the type locality of C. protractum, "Hab. calcem Poczaiowensem", likely corresponds to Staryi Pochaiv, which is situated in Western Ukraine. For this reason, C. protractum and A. protracta are not considered to be the same species.^[9]

Oscar Andreevich Grimm (1877) referred to his specimens of D. protracta and D. profundicola as Cardium catillus,^[13]^[14] a species described by Eichwald from fossil shells under the name Monodacna catillus. In 1910 Nicolai Ivanovich Andrusov have established that A. protracta is distinct from M. catillus and assigned both species to the genus Didacna. Additionally, he recognized eight varieties of D. protracta.^[10] In 1969 Boris Mikhailovich Logvinenko and Yaroslav Igorevich Starobogatov merged the varieties submedia, media and grimmi into the subspecies D. protracta submedia which was distinguished from the nominotypical subspecies (D. protracta protracta) by living in the deeper parts of the Caspian Sea and having slightly larger shells, with a straight or slightly concave ventral margin, smoother ribs and more pronounced growth lines.^[1] These subspecies were not recognized by Kijashko (2013) and the morphological differences between them were explained by allometric growth.^[15]

In 1966 Logvinenko and Starobogatov introduced the section Protodidacna which included D. protracta as its type species as well as D. profundicola.^[16] J. J. ter Poorten (2024) listed Protodidacna as a possible synonym of the genus Didacna.^[17]

Since the species was first described from fossil material, K. N. Glazunova (1971) gave the name D. protracta protracta to the Late Pleistocene specimens. The modern and Holocene specimens previously assigned to D. protracta protracta were redescribed by her as D. protracta novocaspica. This subspecies was distinguished from the Late Pleistocene D. protracta protracta by a less pronounced posterior slope. The type locality of D. protracta novocaspica is the eastern shelf of the Middle Caspian Sea near the Cape Peschanyy (Kazakhstan). The holotype is stored in PIN.^[18]

In a 2007 revision of the genus Didacna L. A. Nevesskaja recognized two newly described subspecies: the Late Pleistocene (Lower Khvalynian) D. protracta mangyschlakensis and the Holocene D. protracta raricostata. The former subspecies differs by a larger and less equilateral shell, while the latter has a lower apical angle of the umbo and less ribs. The holotypes of these taxa are stored in PIN.^[3] The name D. protracta mangyschlakensis is a homonym of the simultaneously published name Didacna subcrassa mangyschlakensis,^[19] while D. protracta raricostata is a junior homonym of Didacna raricostata.^[20]

References

1 2 3 Logvinenko, B. M.; Starobogatov, Y. I. (1969). "Tip Mollyuski. Mollusca" [Phylum Molluscs. Mollusca]. In Birshteyn, Y. A.; Vinogradov, L. G.; Kondakov, N. N.; Kuhn, M. S.; Astakhova, T. V.; Romanova, N. N. (eds.). Atlas bespozvonochnykh Kaspiyskogo morya [Atlas of the Invertebrates of the Caspian Sea] (in Russian). Moscow: Pishchevaya Promyshlennost. p. 327–328.
↑ Yanina 2005, p. 238–239.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nevesskaja, L. A. (2007). "History of the genus Didacna (Bivalvia: Cardiidae)". Paleontological Journal. 41 (9): 861–949. Bibcode:2007PalJ...41..861N. doi:10.1134/s0031030107090018.
1 2 3 4 ter Poorten 2024, p. 162.
1 2 Yanina 2005, p. 239.
↑ Wesselingh, F. P.; Neubauer, T. A.; Anistratenko, V. V.; Vinarski, M.; Yanina, T.; ter Poorten, J. J.; Kijashko, P.; Albrecht, C.; Anistratenko, O. Y.; D'Hont, A.; Frolov, P.; Gándara, A. M.; Gittenberger, A.; Gogaladze, A.; Karpinsky, M.; Lattuada, M.; Popa, L.; Sands, A. F.; van de Velde, S.; Vandendorpe, J.; Wilke, T. (2019). "Mollusc species from the Pontocaspian region – an expert opinion list". ZooKeys (827): 31–124. Bibcode:2019ZooK..827...31W. doi:10.3897/zookeys.827.31365. PMC 6472301. PMID 31114425.
↑ Zhadin, V. I. (1952). Mollyuski presnykh i solonovatykh vod SSSR [Molluscs of Fresh and Brackish Waters of the USSR] (PDF). Opredeliteli po faune SSSR, izdavayemyye Zoologicheskim institutom AN (in Russian). Vol. 46. Moscow–Leningrad: The USSR Academy of Sciences Press. p. 349. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2024.
↑ Eichwald, E. (1841). Fauna Caspio-Caucasia nonnullis observationibus novis illustravit [The Caspian-Caucasian fauna illustrated by some new observations] (in Latin). Petropoli: Litteris Typographiae Dairii Gall. Politic. Petropol. p. 280.
1 2 Vinarski, M. V.; Kantor, Y. I. (2016). Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. Moscow: A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences. p. 72–73. ISBN 978-5-9908840-7-6.
1 2 Andrusov, N. (1910). "Studien über die Brackwassercardiden. Didacna (Erste Hälfte)". Mémoires de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. VIIIe série. Classe physico-mathématique (in German). 25 (8): 1–84.
↑ Eichwald, E. (1829). Zoologia Specialis quam expositis animalibus tum vivis, tum fossilibus potissimum Rossiae in universum, et Poloniae in specie, in usum lectionum publicarum in Universitate Caesarea Vilnensi habendarum. Pars prior. Propaedeuticam Zoologiae atque specialem Heterozoorum expositionem continens (in Latin). Vilnius: Joseph Zawadzki. p. 283.
↑ Bogutskaya, N. G.; Kijashko, P. V.; Naseka, A. M. (2013). "Istoriya zoologicheskikh i promyslovykh issledovaniy" [History of zoological and commercial research]. In Bogutskaya, N. G.; Kijashko, P. V.; Naseka, A. M.; Orlova, M. I. (eds.). Identification keys for fish and invertebrates of the Caspian Sea (in Russian). Vol. 1. Fish and molluscs. St. Petersburg; Moscow: KMK Scientific Press Ltd. p. 41. ISBN 978-5-87317-932-9.
1 2 Kijashko 2013, p. 356.
↑ Grimm, O. A. (1877). Kaspijskoe more i ego fauna [The Caspian Sea and its Fauna]. Trudy Aralo-Kaspiiskoi Ekspeditsii (in Russian). Vol. 2 (2). St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists. pp. 58–62.
↑ Kijashko 2013, p. 356–357.
↑ Logvinenko, B. M.; Starobogatov, Y. I. (1966). "Novyye dvustvorchatyye mollyuski iz kaspiyskoy profundali" [New bivalve molluscs from the Caspian profundal]. Biologicheskie Nauki (in Russian). 2: 13–16.
↑ ter Poorten 2024, p. 156.
↑ Glazunova, K. N. (1971). "K sistematike Didacna protracta Eichwald" [On the systematics of Didacna protracta Eichwald]. Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal (in Russian) (2): 115–117.
↑ Neubauer, Thomas A. (2022). Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Didacna protracta mangyschlakensis Nevesskaja, 2007 †". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 8 March 2025.,
↑ Neubauer, Thomas A. (2022). Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Didacna protracta raricostata Nevesskaja, 2007 †". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 8 March 2025.