Diploholcaspis

Diploholcaspis is a large galeaspid with the preserved length of the headshield being 12.3 centimetres (4.8 in) and an estimated total width of 18 centimetres (7.1 in). The shield of the fish is roughly trapezoidal in shape, with the back of the skull being much wider than the front. The posterior edge of the headshield is concave just past the corners, similar to a number of other galeaspids, only to become convex closer to the midline. The shield is largely slightly convex though there is an elliptical convex region which is positioned right behind the median dorsal opening. Both the orbital openings and median dorsal opening are positioned at the front of the headshield with the orbital openings being on the sides of the shield. The median dorsal opening has a wide, ovoid shape and is much larger than the orbital openings. The shield is ornamented with large round tubercles towards the edges and smaller fine tubercules closer to the midline. Unlike other galeaspids, the sensory canal system of Diploholcaspis is only made up of a single pair of lateral transverse canals which start towards the middle portion of the headshield, only to move backwards towards the back of the shield.^[1]

The exact placement of Diploholcaspis is unknown with Jun-Qing Wang and coauthors making comparisons to multiple families throughout the class. The features of the orbital openings and median dorsal opening are reminiscent of Cyclodiscaspis, a member of Polybranchiaspididae. However, the sensory canal system and headshield shape of Diploholcaspis make this relation unlikely. Another comparison made by the authors is with the family Hanyangaspidae due to features such as the shape and ornamentation of the head shield. Similar to with comparisons made with Polybranchiaspididae, the sensory canal system of Diploholcaspis makes this relation unlikely. Due to this combination of features, Diploholcaspis is considered to be incertae sedis within Galeaspida.