Draft:Bottom friction
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Bottom friction refers to the resistance force exerted by a surface, such as the seabed, riverbed, or any solid boundary, on a fluid (like water or air) flowing over it. This frictional force opposes the motion of the fluid, slowing it down near the boundary. It’s a key concept in fluid dynamics, particularly in oceanography, hydrology, and meteorology, where it influences flow patterns, sediment transport, and energy dissipation.
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Bottom friction is the scientific term that refers to the drag exerted by the bottom of a body of water, in response to driving forces such as wind, tides or ocean currents.[1] Bottom friction tends to reduce the flow, but also limits wave height in shallow water.[2] [3]The tide and the tidal currents will be modified by the friction to which the waters are subjected when moving over the bottom.[4]
This bottom friction influences the currents to a considerable distance from the boundary surface, owing to the turbulent character of the flow.[5]
It is a form of friction that can be calculated by relating the stress at the lower boundary to the wind or current at a standard height above the bottom.[6]
Studies havefound the energy dissipation of wind-generated surface-gravity waves by bottom friction depends on the seabed roughness magnitude.[7]
The bottom topography of the oceans have an impact on the tides, which are essentially waves with extremely long wavelengths extending halfway across the Earth,[8] they behave as shallow water waves, and they are influenced and refracted by the bottom contours.