Draft:Käte Pariser

Pariser was born in Berlin on 17 March 1893.^[2] She trained in Berlin and became associated with genetics and developmental physiology, although published accounts are not fully consistent on the chronology of her doctorate.^[3][4]

Archival records of Goethe University Frankfurt include a file for Käte Pariser covering the years 1916 to 1917.^[5]

As a scientist with Jewish background, Pariser left Germany in 1933 after the Nazi rise to power and continued her career in exile. In 1933, Pariser emigrated from Germany via Switzerland to Spain,^[6] where she continued her research with support from the Spanish section of the International Federation of University Women.^[7]

After being racially persecuted, she emigrated in 1933 to Switzerland and Spain, worked from 1933 to 1936 at the Laboratorio de Biología of the Museo de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid, and later moved via Tel Aviv to Australia.^[8]

A recent scholarly study states that she went to Tel Aviv, briefly returned to Berlin, and then emigrated to Australia, where she held university teaching positions until her death in 1953.^[9][10]

A Leipzig City Archive publication notes that Pariser's cousin, Max Martin Sigmund Heinemann, a Dr. phil., classical philologist, publisher, and teacher of Jewish origin, sought in 1940 to emigrate from Nazi Germany to Sydney, where Pariser was living.^[11]

A later survey of researchers expelled from the Kaiser Wilhelm Society describes Pariser as a scientific staff member at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Berlin-Dahlem.^[8]

A contemporary personnel directory of zoological institutions (in 1922) lists "Dr. Käte Pariser" in Department 3 of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Berlin-Dahlem, headed by Richard Goldschmidt.^[12]

Pariser was part of the scientific milieu around Richard Goldschmidt, director of the Department of Genetics and Animal Biology at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology. She published on insects and later on intersexuality and hybridisation.^[13][14]

Pariser's early published research was in zoology; in 1917 she published a substantial study on the biology and morphology of native chrysopids in Archiv für Naturgeschichte.^[15]

Pariser studied zoology in Berlin and Frankfurt am Main. The German National Library records her work Beiträge zur Biologie und Morphologie der einheimischen Chrysopiden as a Berlin doctoral dissertation completed in 1919.^[16]

Pariser later published on intersexuality in moth hybrids; the German National Library records her 1927 article Die Zytologie und Morphologie der triploiden Intersexe des rückgekreuzten Bastards von Saturnia pavonia L. und Saturnia pyri Schiff as appearing in Cell & Tissue Research.^[17]

Pariser belonged to Richard Goldschmidt's research environment and was described in later scholarship as one of his disciples. According to a 2023 study based in part on her correspondence, she had worked in cytology and genetics since 1919. Her work developed within the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Berlin-Dahlem and was connected to Goldschmidt's research on sexual differentiation and intersexuality.^[18]

After leaving Germany in 1933, Pariser went via Switzerland to Spain, where she worked in Madrid.^[19] A 1933–1934 report of the Junta para Ampliación de Estudios states that she worked in Antonio de Zulueta's laboratory at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales on a scholarship for foreign women granted by the Asociación Universitaria Femenina and funded by the Junta de Relaciones Culturales of the Spanish Ministry of State.^[20]

The same report states that Pariser carried out experimental research on deviations in the sex ratio of hybrids of urodele amphibians, mainly Spanish specimens obtained by artificial fertilisation, and completed a study begun at the Institut für Vererbungsforschung in Berlin-Dahlem on developmental abnormalities in the larvae of such hybrids.^[20][21] During her time in Madrid, she also gave a lecture at the Residencia de Señoritas on Algunos experimentos sobre la teoría mendeliana.^[22]

A later study on international networks supporting women scientists states that Pariser came to Spain on a fellowship for foreign women arranged through the Madrid Association of University Women, a member of the International Federation of University Women, with funding from the Spanish Ministry of State's Cultural Relations Board. She remained in Madrid from 1933 to 1936 before fleeing to Tel Aviv after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.^[23]

With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Pariser left Madrid. After leaving Germany in 1933, Pariser went via Switzerland to Spain and worked in Madrid, thanks to a scholarship from the Spanish section of the International Federation of University Women.

Her research there focused on sex determination and malformations in interspecific hybrids of newts.^[24][25]

In Madrid, Pariser worked in Antonio de Zulueta's laboratory at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales.A 1933–1934 report of the Junta para Ampliación de Estudios states that, on a scholarship for foreign women granted by the Asociación Universitaria Femenina, she carried out experimental research on sex-ratio deviation in hybrids of urodele amphibians and completed a study, begun in Berlin-Dahlem, on developmental abnormalities in their larvae.^{[26] [27][28]}

During her time in Madrid, Pariser also gave a lecture at the Residencia de Señoritas on "Algunos experimentos sobre la teoría mendeliana".^[29]

A 2015 study on the Residencia de Señoritas states that Pariser was living at the Residencia in Madrid, working in Antonio de Zulueta's JAE biology laboratory on a scholarship from the Asociación Universitaria Femenina de Madrid, and in May 1934 gave a talk entitled ''Algunos experimentos sobre la teoría mendeleiana''.^[30]

By the mid-1940s, Pariser was active in Jewish cultural life in Sydney. A report in the Australian Jewish Herald stated that she gave a talk on "The Jews in Spain" and spoke from personal experience about recent conditions in Spain and Sephardic communities around the Mediterranean.^[31] The report noted that Spain was not prepared to accept large numbers of refugees from Nazi oppression.^[31]

In January 1944, the Northern Sydney Hebrew Congregation advertised Pariser as the speaker at a cultural evening on "Spain and the Jews in Medieval and Modern Time". The notice described her as a zoologist who had gone to Spain in 1933 as a scholar of the International Federation of University Women and had remained there until shortly before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936.^[32]

In February 1936, the Madrid newspaper El Sol profiled Pariser under the headline "Una bióloga alemana en Madrid", describing her as "la doctora Kate Pariser" and discussing her genetic experiments on newts at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. In the interview, Pariser stated that she had been living in Madrid for two years and had devoted that time to investigating deviations in sex ratios and heredity in amphibians, especially in crosses between different species of newts.^[33]

In a 1936 interview with El Sol, Pariser stated that her research had been funded by the Spanish Ministry of State on the proposal of the Asociación Universitaria Femenina, but that the grant period had expired and it was uncertain whether she would be able to continue. She described her work as unfinished and said that she hoped to continue her experiments at the Laboratorio del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid in order to determine whether the observed mortality occurred at fertilisation or later in development.^[33]

In the same interview, Pariser explained that, following the method of O. Hertwig, she used artificial fertilisation in newts, typically combining eggs from several females with sperm from a single male. She reported having raised hundreds of hybrids across nine combinations to metamorphosis and said that her principal interest was not the deformities themselves but the deviation from the expected 1:1 sex ratio; in some crosses she obtained only females, while in others the males showed high lethality and limb deformities, findings she discussed in relation to intersexuality and to the work of Goldschmidt, Federley, and Hamburger.^[33]

By 1944, Pariser was living in Sydney and participating in Jewish cultural life there; a notice in the Australian Jewish Herald advertised her as the speaker at a cultural evening in January 1944.^[34]

Contemporary Australian notices indicate that Pariser died in New South Wales on 2 August 1953. A probate notice described her as "Kate Pariser", late of Rose Bay, New South Wales, and identified her occupation as school mistress.^[35]

In Australia Pariser held university teaching positions.

A 1950 report on a Sydney exhibition featuring works by Marc Chagall, Oskar Kokoschka, Paul Klee, Lesser Ury, and Eugen Spiro listed Pariser among the "well known members of the Jewish community" who had loaned pictures for display.^[36]

A 1953 obituary notice in The Sydney Jewish News stated that Pariser had been a member of WIZO since her arrival in Australia, had served as cultural chairman at an early WIZO State Council in New South Wales, and had presented a report at a WIZO conference in Sydney in 1940. The same notice referred to her academic and teaching activities.^[37]

A 1941 notice in The Sydney Jewish News stated that Pariser had a Red Cross appointment, was attached to the Blood Serum Service, and was working at Prince Henry Hospital at Long Bay. The same notice identified her as president of the WIZO Cultural Group.^[38]

In January 1944, the Northern Sydney Hebrew Congregation advertised Pariser as the speaker at a cultural evening on "Spain and the Jews in Mediaeval and Modern Time". The notice described her as a zoologist who had gone to Spain in 1933 as a scholar of the International Federation of University Women and had remained there until shortly before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936.^[39]

Contemporary Australian notices indicate that Pariser died in New South Wales on 2 August 1953. Funeral and probate notices identified her as "Dr. Kate Pariser", late of Rose Bay, Sydney; a probate notice described her as a school mistress.^[40] Contemporary Australian notices indicate that Pariser died on or about 2 August 1953 in New South Wales. A September 1953 tenancy notice identified her as the previous tenant of Flat No. 4, 5 Towns Road, Rose Bay.^[41]

Contemporary Australian notices state that Pariser died on 2 August 1953 at a private hospital in Point Piper, New South Wales. Funeral notices identified her as "Dr. Kate Pariser", late of 5 Towns Road, Rose Bay, and stated that she was buried in the Jewish Cemetery at Rookwood.^[42]

A probate notice published in December 1953 described Pariser as "Kate Pariser", late of Rose Bay, New South Wales, identified her as a schoolmistress, and stated that she had died on 2 August 1953.^[43]

A death notice published in The Sydney Jewish News stated that Pariser died on 2 August 1953 at the New South Wales Jewish Hospital.^[44] The 1953 death notice for Pariser was placed by Pariser's close friend Dr. Gerda Haneman (née Sundheimer). A probate notice names Gerda Haneman as executrix of Pariser's will.^[44][45]

• (Goldschmidt, R. and Pariser, K.) Triploid Intersexualität bei Schmetterlingen. Biologisches Zentralblatt. 1923; 43 (4)
• Die Zytologie und Morphologie der triploiden Intersexe des rückgekreuzten Bastards von Saturnia Pavonia L. und Saturnia pyri Schiff. Cell and Tissue Research. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg.17. January 1927
• Verschiebung des Geschlechtsverhältnisses bei künstlich erzeugten Tritonbastarden. Biologisches Zentralblatt. 1932; 52(11-12):654-9
• New research on the deviation from the numerical relationship between the sexes. Research and Progress. 1933; 7-8:222-8
• Deformities and other anomalies in interspecific hybrids of the genus Triton (amphibians). Rev. Esp. Biología. 1935; 4:5-12
• The development and numerical relationship between the sexes in interspecific hybrids obtained by artificial fertilization in the genus Triton (Molge). Rev. Esp. Biology. 1936; 5 (February 1936) notebooks 1 and 2:11-94.

• Pariser, Käte (1917). "Beiträge zur Biologie und Morphologie der einheimischen Chrysopiden" (PDF). Archiv für Naturgeschichte. A. 83 (11): 1–57.