Duisburg

Roman period and Middle Ages

Duisburg developed at the confluence of the Ruhr and the Rhine, on the outer bank of the Rhine and at the western end of the Hellweg trade route.^[4] Continuous settlement in the city's core area can be traced from the 1st century, initially Roman and from the 5th century onward Frankish.^[4]

In 420, the Franks seized the former Roman settlement and recolonised it. By the 8th century, a Frankish–Carolingian royal estate had been established, which later developed into a palatinate.^[4] The first recorded mention of Duisburg dates from 883, when Norman raiders captured the settlement and remained there over the winter.

Due to the town's favorable geographic position a count palatine was established and the town was soon granted the royal charter of a free imperial city. Duisburg became a member of the Hanseatic League. Around 1000 the river Rhine moved westward from the town. This put an end to the Duisburg's development as a trading town and it soon transformed into a predominantly agrarian settlement.

Construction of the city walls began in 1120, and the “city charter” was granted by King Lothar III in 1279. By 1290, Duisburg had become part of the County (and, after 1417, the Duchy) of Cleves. In 1445, an attack by Archbishop-Elector Dietrich II von Moers (de) of the Electorate of Cologne was successfully repelled.

Early modern period

The Reformation spread to Duisburg only gradually around the mid-16th century.^[4] Refugees from the Netherlands and England contributed to the city's increasing Calvinist orientation.^[4]

In 1566, Johannes Corputius completed his city map of Duisburg. The city's reputation as “Educated Duisburg” (“Duisburgum Doctum”) was established through the work of cartographer Gerardus Mercator and the founding of a university in 1655.^[4] By 1666 the city, still within the Duchy of Cleves, became incorporated into Brandenburg-Prussia.

The city's commercial activity revived in 1674 with the establishment of a regular shipping route to the Netherlands.^[4] Trade, particularly in colonial goods, led to the development of a significant freight forwarding industry, as well as textile, tobacco, and sugar factories, which became the city's most important economic sectors.^[4]

Industrial revolution

The rise of tobacco and textile industries in the 18th century made Duisburg an industrial center. Big industrial companies such as iron and steel producing firms (Thyssen and Krupp) influenced the development of the city within the Prussian Rhine Province. Large housing areas near production sites were being built as workers and their families moved in.

In 1823, a district (Landkreis) of Duisburg was established, encompassing the neighboring cities of Essen and Mülheim an der Ruhr. The following year, in 1824, the construction of the sulfuric acid factory Fr. W. Curtius marked the beginning of the industrial era in Duisburg. With the construction of a canal connecting the city to the Rhine beginning in 1826, Rhine trade regained considerable importance.^[4] In 1828, Franz Haniel [de] founded a dockyard for steamships, further contributing to the city's economic development. From 1844 onward, the connection to the Ruhr enabled Duisburg to participate in the growing coal trade.^[4] As the port expanded to handle timber, ore, and especially grain, Duisburg's port became the second-largest Rhine port after Ruhrort.^[4]

Duisburg's connection to the expanding railway network began in the 1840s, with the railway line to Düsseldorf completed in 1846, followed by the railway line via Dortmund to Minden in 1847. The city became an independent city borough in 1873. In 1904, it celebrated the birth of its 100,000th resident, Ernst R. Straube.^[5] Increasing competition between the ports of Duisburg and Ruhrort led, in 1905, to the merger of the ports, followed soon after by the unification of the cities of Duisburg, Ruhrort, and Meiderich.^[4]

On 8 March 1921, French infantry occupied Duisburg to secure war reparation payments incurred during World War I. In 1929, Duisburg was merged with the neighboring city of Hamborn to form the new city of Duisburg-Hamborn. This name was later shortened to Duisburg in 1935.

In November 1938, during the Kristallnacht pogroms organized by the Nazis, the city's synagogue was destroyed.

World War II

A major logistical center in the Ruhr and location of chemical, steel and iron industries, Duisburg was a primary target of Allied bombers, with industrial areas and residential blocks targeted by Allied incendiary bombs.

On the night of 12–13 June 1941, British bombers dropped a total of 445 tons of bombs in and around Duisburg. As part of the Battle of the Ruhr, another British raid of 577 bombers destroyed the old city between 12 and 13 May 1943 with 1,599 tons of bombs. During the bombing raids, 96,000 people were made homeless with countless lives lost.

In 1944, the city was again badly damaged as a total of 2,000 tons of bombs were dropped on 22 May. On 14 October, the tonnage was repeated with 2,018 tons when Halifax, Lancaster, and Mosquito bombers appeared over Duisburg as part of Operation Hurricane. This daylight raid was followed by a night attack; over 24 hours about 9,000 tons of HE and incendiaries had been dropped on Duisburg. Numerous similar attacks followed until the end of 1944.

The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Duisburg in April 1945. The US 17th Airborne Division, acting as regular infantry and not in a parachute role, met only scattered resistance in the vicinity and captured the city on 12 April 1945.^[6]

On 8 May 1945, the ADSEC Engineer Group A, led by Col. Helmer Swenholt, commanding officer of the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment, constructed a railway bridge between Duisburg and Rheinhausen across the Rhine. It was 860 metres (2,820 ft) long, and constructed in six days, fifteen hours and twenty minutes, a record time. It was named the "Victory Bridge".^[7]

Federal Republic of Germany

A total of 299 bombing raids had almost completely destroyed the historic cityscape. 80% of all residential buildings had been destroyed or partly damaged.^{[citation needed]} Almost the whole of the city had to be rebuilt, and most historic landmarks had been lost.^{[citation needed]}

Beginning in the mid-1960s, the decline of Duisburg's steel and mining industry caused a significant loss of residents. While in 1975 approximately 590,000 people were living in Duisburg, the number had shrunk to 518,000 in 1985.

Duisburg celebrated its 1100th anniversary in 1983. The city's population recovered a little in the following years, up to 537,000 in 1992. It declined to 488,000 in 2011. On 19 July 2004, it was hit by a tornado. The municipal theater and parts of the city center were damaged. The city hosted the 7th World Games in 2005. In 2010, 21 people died because of a mass panic at the Love Parade; over 500 people were injured.^[8]

In March 2011, the inaugural freight train of the Chongqing–Xinjiang–Europe Railway arrived in Duisburg and since then the city has served as the railway's western terminus.^[9]

On 7 April 2025 15 schools were closed after an unknown far right extremist sent multiple bomb threats.^[10]

Adjacent cities and districts

The following cities and districts border Duisburg (clockwise starting from the north-east): Oberhausen, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Mettmann (district), Düsseldorf, Neuss (district), Krefeld, and Wesel (district).

Districts

Since 1 January 1975, Duisburg has been divided into seven districts or boroughs (Stadtbezirke) from north to south:^[11]

• Walsum [de]
• Hamborn
• Meiderich/Beeck
• Homberg/Ruhrort/Baerl
• Duisburg-Mitte [de] (city center)
• Rheinhausen
• Duisburg-Süd [de]

Climate

Duisburg has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb).^[12] On 25 July 2019, Duisburg recorded a temperature of 41.2 °C (106.2 °F), which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Germany.^[13]

Mayor

The current mayor of Duisburg is Sören Link of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who was elected in 2012 and re-elected in 2017 and 2025.

The most recent mayoral election was held on 14 September 2025 with a runoff election being held on 28 September, and the results were as follows:

City council

The Duisburg city council (Duisburger Stadtrat) governs the city alongside the mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 14 September 2025, and the results were as follows:

More information Party, Votes ...

Party		Votes	%	±	Seats	±
	Social Democratic Party (SPD)	54,925	32.6	2.1	34	2
	Alternative for Germany (AfD)	35,671	21.2	11.9	22	12
	Christian Democratic Union (CDU)	29,284	17.4	4.1	18	4
	Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)	15,348	9.1	8.6	10	9
	The Left (Die Linke)	10,099	6.0	0.5	6	±0
	Young Duisburg (JUDU)	5,684	3.4	0.4	4	1
	Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW)	3,562	2.1	New	2	New
	Duisburg Alternative List-We Shape Duisburg (DAL-WGD)	3,297	2.0	New	2	New
	Human Environment Animal Protection (Tierschutz)	3,191	1.9	±0	2	±0
	Free Democratic Party (FDP)	2,521	1.5	1.6	2	1
	Active Citizens' Initiative (ABI)	1,643	1.0	New	1	New
	Social, Just, Independent (SGU)	1,553	0.9	0.1	1	±0
	Volt Germany (Volt)	788	0.5	New	0	New
	Die PARTEI (PARTEI)	642	0.4	0.8	0	1
	Independent Future Marxloh	282	0.2	New	0	New
	Pirate Party Germany (PIRATEN)	30	New	0	New
Valid votes		168,520	99.2
Invalid votes		1,334	0.8
Total		169,854	100.0		104	2
Electorate/voter turnout		351,441	48.3	9.2
Source: City of Duisburg

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State parliament

In the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia, Duisburg is divided between three constituencies: 61 Duisburg I (containing Süd district and most of Mitte), 62 Duisburg II (Walsum, Rheinhausen, and most of Homberg/Ruhrort/Baerl), and 63 Duisburg III (Hamborn, Meiderich/Beeck, and parts of Mitte and Homberg/Ruhrort/Baerl). After the 2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election, all three constituencies were held by the SPD. Duisburg I was represented by Sarah Philipp, Duisburg II by Rainer Bischoff [de], and Duisburg III by Frank Börner [de].

Federal parliament

In the Bundestag, Duisburg is divided between two constituencies: 115 Duisburg I (Rheinhausen, Süd, and Mitte) and 116 Duisburg II (Walsum, Hamborn, Meidereich/Beeck, Homberg/Ruhrort/Baerl). In the 21st Bundestag, both are held by the SPD. Duisburg I is represented by Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs Bärbel Bas, and Duisburg II by Mahmut Özdemir.

Turkish community

Duisburg is home to 85,000 people of Turkish origin.^[20] Other estimates suggest that the Turkish population is as large as 100,000.^[21][22][23] The new Merkez Mosque, one of the largest Muslim places of worship in Western Europe, was built with help by the way of contribution of 3.2 million euro from the EU and the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.^[24] Asiye Nur Fettahoğlu, a Turkish-German actress, was born in Duisburg on 12 November 1980.^[25]

Local dialect

As with the Venlo dialect, the city's local dialect, the Düsberjesch, called Duisburger Platt in German, is a tonal dialect of the Kleverlandish heavily influenced historically by the Bergish dialects of the Limburgish language spoken in its southern boroughs.^{[citation needed]}

Duisburg Port

The Port of Duisburg is the world's largest inland port.^[31] It is officially regarded as a seaport because seagoing river vessels go to ports in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Numerous docks are mostly located at the mouth of the Ruhr where it joins the Rhine.

Each year more than 40 million tonnes of various goods are handled with more than 20,000 ships calling at the port. The public harbour facilities stretch across an area of 7.4 square kilometres (2.9 sq mi). There are 21 docks covering an area of 1.8 km² (0.7 sq mi) and 40 kilometres (25 miles) of wharf. The area of the Logport Logistic Center Duisburg stretches across an area of 2.65 km² (1.02 sq mi). With 2.5 million TEU it is also the largest inland container port, based on 2011 figures.^[32] A number of companies run their own private docks and 114 million tonnes of goods yearly (2010) are handled in Duisburg in total.^{[needs update]}

Roads

Duisburg is served by several autobahns, with 3 east–west routes and 2 north–south routes. A3 forms a bypass east of the city and mostly serves through traffic. A59 runs parallel to A3 and serves the city from north to south with 14 interchanges, much more than most other cities in the Ruhr area. The A40 and A42 are two east–west routes that serve central and northern Duisburg. Autobahn A40 also serves major through traffic from the Netherlands to Berlin and points east. A short spur, A524 serves southern Duisburg. Most Autobahns have six lanes or are upgraded to six lanes (A59).

Apart from the autobahns, no Bundesstraßen serve the city directly. B8 runs through the city, but uses A59's alignment. B288 runs in the extreme south of the city, and serves traffic to and from Krefeld. Several bridges span the Rhine, most prominently the A40 and A42 bridges, but also the L287 suspension bridge and the L237 arch bridge, a three-lane bridge with 2 lanes per peak direction with dynamic lane usage.

Public transport

Duisburg Hauptbahnhof is served by the InterCityExpress and InterCity long-distance network of the Deutsche Bahn, in addition line S1 of the S-Bahn line connects Duisburg with other cities of the Rhine-Ruhr area.

The Duisburg Stadtbahn, the Duisburg tramway network, and a bus system, all operated by the Duisburger Verkehrsgesellschaft, provide local services. Stadtbahn line U79, the so-called "D-Bahn" ("D-Line"), connects to the neighbouring city of Düsseldorf and is operated jointly with the Rheinbahn of Düsseldorf. All S-Bahn, Stadtbahn, and bus lines operate under the umbrella of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr.

Airport

Duisburg does not have its own airport, but the city is served by several nearby airports. The closest major airport is Düsseldorf Airport, located approximately 15 kilometers from the city center and accessible in 10–15 minutes by both car and train. Other significant airports serving the region include Weeze Airport, Dortmund Airport, and Cologne/Bonn Airport, situated 55, 65, and 75 kilometers from downtown Duisburg, respectively. All of these airports can be reached within one hour by car or train.