In 1984, former Soviet Union environment experts proposed the term "Ecological Civilization" in an article entitled "Ways of Training Individual Ecological Civilization under Mature Socialist Conditions", which was published in the Scientific Communism, Moscow, vol. 2.[8]
Three years later, the concept of ecological civilization (Chinese: 生态文明; pinyin: shēngtài wénmíng) was picked up in China, and was first used by Qianji Ye (1909–2017), an agricultural economist, in 1987.[8] Professor Ye defined ecological civilization by drawing from the ecological sciences and environmental philosophy.[9]
Beginning in 1998, the CCP began to shift from a focus on pure developmentalism towards eco-developmentalism.[10]: 85 Responding both to scientific evidence on the environment and increasing public pressure, the CCP began to re-formulate its ideology to recognize that the developmentalist approach during reform and opening up was not sustainable.[10]: 85 The CCP began to use the terminology of environmental culture (huanjing wenhua) and ecological civilization.[10]: 85
The term is found more extensively in Chinese discussions beginning in 2007.[3][4] In 2012, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) included the goal of achieving an ecological civilization in its constitution, and it also featured in its five-year plan.[2][11] The 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012 made ecological civilization one of the country's five national development goals.[12]: 173 It emphasized a rural development approach of "Ecology, Productivity, Livability".[12]: 173 Ecological civilization gained further prominence in China after it was incorporated into Xi Jinping's approach to the Chinese Dream.[10]: 424 In the Chinese context, the term generally presupposes the framework of a "constructive postmodernism", as opposed to an extension of modernist practices or a "deconstructive postmodernism", which stems from the deconstruction of Jacques Derrida.[2]
Since 2015, the Chinese discussion of ecological civilization is increasingly associated with an "organic" form of Marxism.[2] "Organic Marxism" was first used by Philip Clayton and Justin Heinzekehr in their 2014 book, Organic Marxism: An Alternative to Capitalism and Ecological Catastrophe.[13] The book, which was translated into Chinese and published by the People's Press in 2015, describes ecological civilization as an orienting goal for the global ecological movement.[14]
The discourse of ecological civilization has influenced the urban planning in China and Chinese development of eco-cities, low-carbon cities, and green cities in China.[15]: 23
Beginning in 2017, Chinese universities and regional governments have begun establishing centers for the study of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization.[10]: 89 At least 18 such centers had been established as of 2021.[10]: 89
In 2018, the constitution of the People's Republic of China was amended to include the concept of ecological civilization building, as part of amendments that emphasized environmental conservation and the scientific outlook on development.[16]: 1 In 2022, the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party further highlighted ecological civilization as a core developmental goal of the CCP.[7]: 85
The first time the phrase "ecological civilization" was used as a technical term in an English-language book was in 1995 by Roy Morrison in his book Ecological Democracy.[17] Both "ecological civilization" and "constructive postmodernism" have been associated with the process philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead.[2][18] David Ray Griffin, a process philosopher and professor at Claremont School of Theology, first used the term "constructive postmodernism" in his 1989 book, Varieties of Postmodern Theology.[19] A more secular theme that flowed out of Whitehead's process philosophy has been from the Australian environmental philosopher Arran Gare in his book called The Philosophical Foundations of Ecological Civilization: A Manifesto for the Future.[20]
The largest international conference held on the theme "ecological civilization" (Seizing an Alternative: Toward an Ecological Civilization) took place at Pomona College in June 2015, bringing together roughly 2,000 participants from around the world and featuring such leaders in the environmental movement as Bill McKibben, Vandana Shiva, John B. Cobb, Jr., Wes Jackson, and Sheri Liao.[21] This was held in conjunction with the 9th International Forum on Ecological Civilization--an annual conference series in Claremont, CA established in 2006.[22] Out of the Seizing an Alternative conference, Philip Clayton and Wm. Andrew Schwartz co-founded the Institute for Ecological Civilization (EcoCiv), and co-authored the book What is Ecological Civilization: Crisis, Hope, and the Future of the Planet,[23] which was published in 2019.
