Eid al-Adha

The Arabic word عيد (ʿīd) means 'festival', 'celebration', 'feast day', or 'holiday'. The word عيد is a triliteral root (ʕ-y-d), with associated root meanings of "to go back, to rescind, to accrue, to be accustomed, habits, to repeat, to be experienced; appointed time or place, anniversary, feast day".^[5][6] Arthur Jeffery contested this etymology, and believed the term to have been borrowed into Arabic from Syriac, or less likely Targumic Aramaic.^[7]

The holiday is called عيد الأضحى (Eid-al-Adha) or العيد الكبير (Eid-al-Kabir) in Arabic.^[8] The words أضحى (aḍḥā) and قربان (qurbān) are synonymous in meaning 'sacrifice' (animal sacrifice), 'offering' or 'oblation'. The first word comes from the triliteral root ضحى (ḍaḥḥā) with the associated meanings "immolate; offer up; sacrifice; victimize".^[9] No occurrence of this root with a meaning related to sacrifice occurs in the Qur'an^[5] but in the Hadith literature. Assyrians and other Middle Eastern Christians use the term to mean the Eucharistic host. The second word derives from the triliteral root ‏‏قرب‎‎ (qaraba) with associated meanings of "closeness, proximity... to moderate; kinship...; to hurry; ...to seek, to seek water sources...; scabbard, sheath; small boat; sacrifice".^[6] Arthur Jeffery recognizes the same Semitic root, but believes the sense of the term to have entered Arabic through Aramaic.^[7]

Eid al-Adha is pronounced Eid al-Azha and Eidul Azha, primarily in Iran and influenced by the Persian language, in the Indian subcontinent.^[10] In Turkish-speaking countries, it is called Kurban Bayramı.

According to Islamic tradition, one of the main trials of Abraham's life was to receive and obey the command of God to sacrifice his eldest son, Ishmael. (Abraham and Ishmael are known as Ibrahim and Isma'il in Arabic). Muslims overwhelmingly reject the Biblical claim that Isaaq, Abraham's second son, was supposed to have been the designated victim. According to the Qur'an, Abraham kept having dreams in which he killed his son. He interpreted this as a command from God. The prophet told his son,

“O my dear son! I have seen in a dream that I ˹must˺ sacrifice you. So tell me what you think.” He replied, “O my dear father! Do as you are commanded. Allah willing, you will find me steadfast.”

Abraham prepared to submit to the will of God and to slaughter his son as an act of faith and obedience to God.^[11][12] During the preparation, Satan tried to dissuade Abraham and his family from carrying out God's commandment, so Abraham drove Satan away by throwing pebbles at him. In commemoration of their rejection of the devil, pilgrims to Mecca throw stones at pillars that mark the place where Satan tried to tempt Abraham.^[13]

Acknowledging that Abraham was willing to sacrifice what was dear to him, God honoured both Abraham and his son. The Angel Gabriel (Jibreel) proclaimed, "O Ibrahim, you have fulfilled the revelations," and a ram from heaven was offered by Angel Gabriel to prophet Abraham to slaughter instead of his son. When Muslims celebrate Eid al-Adha they commemorate both Abraham's willingness to afflict his family and his son Ishmael's willingness to die for God.^[14][15][16]

This story is known as the Akedah in Judaism (Binding of Isaac) and originates in the Torah,^[17] in the first book of Moses (Genesis, Ch. 22). The Akedah is referred to in the Quran in its 37th surah, As-Saaffat.^[18]

The word "Eid" appears once in Al-Ma'ida, the fifth surah of the Quran, with the meaning "a festival or a feast".^[19]

When preceding Eid al-Adha and during the Eid and Tashreeq days, Muslims recite the takbir.^[20][21] Like on Eid al-Fitr, the Eid prayer is performed on Eid al-Adha any time after sunrise and before the Zuhr prayer. In the event of a force majeure, the prayer may be delayed to the day after or the second day after Eid.^[22] The Eid prayer is followed by a khutbah (sermon).^[23] At the conclusion of the prayers and sermon, Muslims embrace and exchange gifts and greetings with one another, such as the phrase Eid Mubarak. Many Muslims also take this opportunity to invite their friends, neighbours and colleagues to the festivities to better acquaint them about Islam and Muslim culture.^[24]

Udhiyah

Main article: Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)

After the Eid prayer, udhiyah (ritual animal sacrifice) is performed. Muslims who can afford it sacrifice halal livestock, usually a camel, goat, sheep, or ram, as a symbol of Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his only son.^[25][26] The animals have to meet certain age and quality standards to be considered for sacrifice.^[27] The meat from the sacrificed animal is generally divided into three parts: the family performing the udhiyah retains a third; while the remainder is equally divided between friends and relatives, and the poor.^[25]

The tradition for Eid al-Adha involves slaughtering an animal and sharing the meat in three equal parts – for family, for relatives and friends, and for poor people. The goal is to make sure every Muslim gets to eat meat.^[28][29] However, there is a dissent among Muslim scholars regarding the obligatory nature of this sacrifice. While some scholars, such as Al-Kasani, categorise the sacrifice as obligatory (wāǧib), others regard it only as an "established custom" (sunna mu'akkada).^[30] Alternatives such as charitable donations or fasting have been suggested to be permissible by several fuqaha.^[31]

Muslims are expected to dress in their finest clothing to perform Eid prayer in a large congregation in an open waqf ("stopping") field called Eidgah or mosque. Cuisine traditionally associated with Eid al-Adha includes ma'amoul and samosas.^[22]

While Eid al-Adha is always on the same day of the Islamic calendar, the date on the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year as the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar and the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. The lunar calendar is approximately eleven days shorter than the solar calendar.^[38][b] Each year, Eid al-Adha (like other Islamic holidays) falls on one of about two to four Gregorian dates in parts of the world, because the boundary of crescent visibility is different from the International Date Line.^[39] The following list shows the official dates of Eid al-Adha for Saudi Arabia as announced by the Supreme Judicial Council. Future dates are estimated according to the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia.^[40] The Umm al-Qura calendar is just a guide for planning purposes and not the absolute determinant or fixer of dates. Confirmations of actual dates by moon sighting are applied on the 29th day of the lunar month prior to Dhu'l-Hijja^[41] to announce the specific dates for both Hajj rituals and the subsequent Eid festival. The three days after the listed date are also part of the festival. The time before the listed date the pilgrims visit Mount Arafat and descend from it after sunrise of the listed day.^{[citation needed]}

The following list shows the official dates of Eid al-Adha for Saudi Arabia as announced by the Supreme Judicial Council. Although future dates are presented as estimates based on the Umm al-Qura calendar, critics have argued that official announcements have at times closely mirrored the pre-calculated calendar even in cases where astronomers considered sighting conditions extremely poor or effectively impossible. When Questioned, authorities however, maintain that the Umm al-Qura calendar is used only for planning purposes and that final confirmation is made through reported moon sightings on the 29th day of the preceding lunar month.^[42] to announce the specific dates for both Hajj rituals and the subsequent Eid festival. The three days after the listed date are also part of the festival. The time before the listed date the pilgrims visit Mount Arafat and descend from it after sunrise of the listed day.^{[citation needed]}

In many countries, the start of any lunar Hijri month varies based on the observation of the new moon by local religious authorities, so the exact day of celebration varies by locality.

• Eid al-Ghadir
• Shab-e-Barat
• Quds Day
• Glossary of Islam
• Outline of Islam
• Index of Islam-related articles