Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai

He was born in Elamkulam village in Travancore to Krishna Kurup and Purackal Nanukutty  Amma on 8 November 1904.^[6] His family is from present-day Trivandrum and Kollam districts. Kunjan Pillai had his school education at Trivandrum and Quilon.^[7]

He graduated with an honours degree in the Sanskrit language from Annamalai University, Madras. His studies at Madras had a great influence on his life. His views on Kerala's history changed after he returned back from Tamil Nadu.^[8]

He started his career as a school teacher and later became lecturer in Malayalam at Government Arts College, Trivandrum. Elamkulam retired as the Head of the Department of Malayalam, University College, Trivandrum.^[9]

Elamkulam published most his research findings only in his later years.^[2] He published more than 20 books, in Malayalam, including one in Tamil and two in English. Some of his theories regarding early Kerala history have been challenged by later researchers in the light of new evidence.^{[10][11][12][13]}

Pillai died on 4 March 1973. Kanjiracode Valiaveettil Bhargavi Amma was his wife. The couple had five children.^{[citation needed]}

Elamkulam had studied comprehensively Old/Early Malayalam - Vatteluttu inscriptions from the ninth century CE, and with the help of literary texts, claimed they belonged to a single line of kings ("the Kulasekharas") that ruled Kerala from Kodungallur. He had challenged the very foundations of the then existing William Logan-K. P. Padmanabha Menon construction of Kerala history.^[3] He proposed a unitary or imperial state model, emphasising centralised administration, for the Kulasekhara kingdom.^[14]

The Elamkulam version of historiography had believed that this "Second Chera Empire", or "Kulasekhara Empire" was a highly centralised kingdom. However, critical research in the late 1960s and early 1970s by offered a major corrective to this. Recently (2002), suggestions pointing to the other extreme, that the king at Kodungallur had only a "ritual sovereignty" and the actual political power rested with "a bold and visible Brahmin oligarchy" has emerged.^[4]

The nature of the Kodungallur Chera/Kulasekhara state is an ongoing academic debate. While the Elamkulam model of a highly centralised "empire" is considered not acceptable by south Indian historians, the third model (2002) is yet to be endorsed by them.^[4]