Elite Forces of Malaysia

Elite Forces

"Elite Forces" serves as an umbrella term for specialised units across the military, law enforcement, and various government agencies. Similar to the terminology used in the United Kingdom and the United States, it encompasses both special forces and other high-readiness units.^[7][8][9]

Distinctions between "elite forces" and "special forces" are frequently conflated in Malaysian media and public discourse. This was addressed by Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor during the 52nd anniversary of Gerak Khas in 2017, where he affirmed that special forces are fundamentally elite units, thereby establishing special forces as a subset within the broader elite forces category.^[1][2]

Malay: ...peranan yang dimainkan oleh Gerak Khas sebagai pasukan elit di barisan hadapan adalah amat penting.

[...the role played by Gerak Khas as an elite frontline force is extremely important.]

As a Commonwealth nation, Malaysia's classification system aligns closely with that of the United Kingdom, particularly in the distinction between Special Forces and Special Operations Forces, rather than adopting the broader "Special Operations Forces" nomenclature used by the United States.^[10][11]

Special Forces

According to the 2024 Manual Kualiti Standard Angkatan Tentera Malaysia (SATM; lit. 'Malaysian Armed Forces Standard Quality Manual'), the MAF officially designates specific formations as Special Forces (Malay: Pasukan Khas). Personnel within these units are placed in a distinct category due to their unique mission profiles, specific operational responsibilities, and the requirement for rigorous selection and specialised training.^[12]

Malay: ...untuk semua anggota pasukan khas seperti GGK, PASKAU, PASKAL, PAC, anggota penerbangan, penyelam, anak-anak kapal selam dan pembantu perubatan selam.

[...for all special forces personnel such as the 21 Special Service Group (21 SSG), the RMAF Special Forces (PASKAU), the Naval Special Forces (PASKAL), the Malaysian Rapid Deployment Force (PAC), aircrew, divers, submarine crew, and dive medical assistants.]

Under the SATM standards, the following units are officially designated as "Special Forces":

• Gerak Khas and the 21st Special Service Group (21 SSG)
• RMAF Special Forces (PASKAU)
• Naval Special Forces (PASKAL)
• MAF Rapid Deployment Force (RDF/PAC) and the 10th Parachute Brigade
• MAF Aircrew
• RMN Divers
• RMN Submariners
• MAF Dive Medical Assistants

Applying similar criteria, the Special Tasks and Rescue (STAR) unit of the Malaysian Coast Guard is also classified as a special force. Within the Royal Malaysia Police, the designation is restricted to units under the Pasukan Gerakan Khas (Special Operations Command). Historically, the primary criterion for "Special Forces" status was the requirement for personnel to undergo a formal special forces selection process.^[13]

Special Operations Capable

In the Malaysian context, "Special Operations Capable" (or Special Operations Force) is distinct from "Special Forces". These units are trained in special operations but do not fall under a dedicated special forces headquarters. Instead, they are typically elite elements attached to lower-level commands, such as infantry battalions, and execute missions under their parent force's leadership. Examples include the reconnaissance and sniper elements of regular infantry battalions.^[14][15]

Commando

The term "commando" was introduced to Malaysia during the Second World War via Force 136, the Far East branch of the Special Operations Executive. These units were inserted into Malaya to conduct sabotage and recruit local resistance fighters. Consequently, the term in Malaysia signifies expertise in guerrilla warfare, small-unit tactics, and jungle warfare, differing slightly from the amphibious raiding role traditionally associated with the Royal Marines Commando.^[2][16][17]

Historically, the "commando" designation was applied more broadly; for instance, the Sarawak Rangers were recognised as commandos during the Malayan Emergency. In 1972, the Tiger Platoon^{[note 1]} of 9th R MALAY (9 RAMD) also earned this status for their role in the Communist insurgency. Today, the designation is strictly reserved for units whose members have graduated from a basic commando course at an official Malaysian commando school.^{[13][16][18][19]}

Special Rescue Unit

Special Rescue Units are specialised non-combat teams, such as special operations firefighters, tasked with unconventional search and rescue (SAR) missions. These units employ selection processes and training standards modelled after military special operations. They utilise specialised equipment and methods typically associated with special forces to execute complex SAR operations.^[5]

Early Malay Kingdoms and Sultanates

The concept of elite forces in Malaysia originates in the early Malay kingdoms, including the Kingdom of Singapura (1299–1398) and the Malacca Sultanate (1400–1511). These states developed organised structures for elite warriors who held central roles in governance and military operations. During the Malacca Sultanate, these forces were primarily composed of two groups: the Hulubalang (Jawi: هولوبالڠ‎) and the Ceteria (چيتيريا‎).^[20][21]

Hulubalang were drawn from noble families and were esteemed Pendekar (ڤنديکر‎; 'warriors') and warlords. They served under high-ranking officials such as the Bendahara (Prime Minister and Minister of War), the Laksamana (Admiral of the fleet and Minister of Foreign Affairs), and the Hulubalang Besar (equivalent to a modern chief of army). Beyond military leadership, they upheld the Sultanate's authority in domestic and foreign affairs.^[21][22]

In contrast, the Ceteria were selected from skilled Pendekars of commoner origins. Their primary responsibility was the security of the Sultan and the royal court (Balairung Seri). While they held the rank of Pendekar, their lack of noble lineage distinguished them from the Hulubalang. Following the fall of Malacca in 1511, the term Hulubalang persisted in other sultanates. In the Aceh Sultanate, Sultan Iskandar Muda (r. 1607–1636) formalised these roles into the Uleëbalang, a noble rank granted fiefs and administrative rights, similar to the feudal barons of Europe.^[20][21][23]

World War II

Malaysia's first exposure to modern special operations occurred during the Second World War. Force 136, a multinational guerrilla unit under the British Special Operations Executive (SOE), operated behind enemy lines against Japanese Imperial Forces. Local recruits, including Chin Phui Kong, Ibrahim Ismail, and Tunku Osman, underwent commando training at SOE-endorsed camps. Operatives were inserted into British Malaya via parachute or submarine to establish local resistance groups, collectively known as Force 136 (Malaya). Many former members continued to serve in the MAF after the war, influencing the development of future elite units.^{[24][25][26][27][28]}

Malayan Emergency

The post-war power vacuum led to the Malayan Emergency, a conflict between the Malayan National Liberation Army (the armed wing of the Communist Party of Malaya) and British colonial forces. Realising that conventional tactics were ineffective in jungle warfare, the British Military Administration (BMA) established several unconventional units.^[29][30]

Malayan Scouts

Main article: Malayan Scouts (Special Air Service Regiment)

By 1950, Major Michael "Mad Mike" Calvert, a veteran of the Chindits, formed the Malayan Scouts to operate deep within the jungle. The Ferret Force was eventually absorbed as A Squadron of the Malayan Scouts. Other squadrons included Z Squadron (21 SAS), Rhodesian SAS (C Squadron), and Australian SAS (D Squadron). In 1951, the Malayan Scouts were officially integrated into the British Army as the 22nd Special Air Service Regiment (22 SAS). Due to their role in training early Malaysian special units, the Malayan Scouts are widely regarded as the historical predecessors of the modern special forces in Malaysia.^{[30][31][32][33]}

Post-Independence and the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation

Following independence in 1957 and the formation of Malaysia in 1963, the nation faced the Konfrontasi with Indonesia. This period underscored the necessity for permanent, homegrown elite forces.^[41]

Federal-level (Strategic)

This represents the highest tier within the Malaysian security framework. It typically involves inter-agency or joint task forces composed of veteran personnel drawn from multiple uniformed services. These formations are assembled for high-priority or non-conventional missions and operate under the direct oversight of the nation's top government and security leadership. Personnel are not permanently assigned to these task forces; instead, they serve on a rotational basis and return to their original parent services upon the conclusion of an operation or assignment.^[46][47]

Services-level (Operational)

This is the standard tier for elite units established within their respective uniformed services. These formations are commanded and administered by their specific branches of the military, law enforcement, or other government departments. Larger organisations, such as the Malaysian Army or the Royal Malaysia Police, often consolidate their elite units under a dedicated Special Forces Command. Within this level, further sub-tiers may exist based on the unit's technical specialisation, the intensity of its training, and its specific operational scope.^[2]

Mid-level command (Tactical)

This tier consists of elite-trained personnel who operate at the battalion level or below. These assets are typically integrated into larger formations to provide specialised capabilities for their parent units. Their roles primarily include high-stakes tasks such as long-range reconnaissance and sniper operations.^[48]

Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team

Internationally recognised as SMART, this unit is a certified joint Heavy Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) task force under the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG). Its official Malay name is Pasukan Mencari dan Menyelamat Khas Malaysia. Based in Puchong, Selangor, it is a highly specialised disaster relief unit.^[46][50]

Established in May 1994, SMART reports directly to Malaysia's executive leadership and operates under the National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA). The team can be deployed for both domestic and international missions at the directive of the prime minister. Officers and technicians are seconded from the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF), the Royal Malaysia Police, and the Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia. Its capabilities and joint structure have drawn comparisons to the Hyper Rescue Team of the Tokyo Fire Department.^[46][50]

Defence Special Operations Division

The Defence Special Operations Division (abbr.: DSOD; Malay: Bahagian Operasi Pasukan Khas Pertahanan, BOPKP) is a joint counter-terrorism task force. It was established as the successor to the National Special Operations Force (NSOF), although its recruitment is restricted to special forces personnel from within the Ministry of Defence.^{[note 3]} The DSOD is currently under the operational command of the Joint Force Headquarters.^[52][53]

The formation of the DSOD was announced in January 2019 by the then Chief of Defence Forces, General Zulkifli Zainal Abidin, and it became officially operational on 10 May 2019. Based at Camp Perdana in Kuala Lumpur, the DSOD occupies the former headquarters of the NSOF. In terms of mission scope and organisational structure, the DSOD is often compared to Canada's Joint Task Force 2 (JTF 2).^[52][53]

MAF War Dog Unit

The MAF War Dog Unit (Malay: Pasukan Anjing Perang ATM) is an elite specialised detachment within the Wolf Branch (Cawangan Serigala) of the Army Combat Training Centre. The unit is responsible for providing canine attack support to various elite formations within the MAF. Both the handlers and their canines undergo advanced training to prepare them for the high-intensity requirements of special operations.^[54][55]

While the majority of the unit's assets are currently attached to the DSOD, specific teams are also assigned to the Special Warfare Training Centre to support regiments within the Gerak Khas ('Army Special Forces'). In its operational scope, the unit performs a role similar to the United States Navy's Combat Assault Dogs (CAD) program, which provides specialised canine support to Navy SEALs.^[56][57]

Gerak Khas

Gerak Khas (lit. 'Special Forces' or 'Army Special Forces') is the primary special forces unit of the Malaysian Army. Originally established in 1965 as the Malaysian Special Service Unit (MSSU), it was formed as a joint task force during the Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation. Although the MSSU initially recruited from all branches of the MAF, the majority of its personnel were drawn from the Army.^[2]

The unit was raised with the assistance of the 40 Commando, Royal Marines. Consequently, Gerak Khas inherited several traditions from the British commandos, including the green beret, Caribbean blue (light blue) lanyard, and the Fairbairn-Sykes commando knife. In 1970, the MSSU was reorganised as the 1st Special Service Regiment and placed under a special forces command. While it was previously managed within a specific corps, since 2017, Gerak Khas has functioned as a specialised functional group. Entry is restricted to personnel who complete the Malaysian Special Forces selection process.^[2][58]

Current components of Gerak Khas include:

• 21st Special Services Group – The administrative and operational command
• 91st Intelligence Operations Group – Special Forces personnel attached to military intelligence
• 11th, 21st, and 22nd Regiments – Operational special forces units
• Special Warfare Training Centre – The commando and special operations school.

The Gerak Khas is regarded as the Malaysian equivalent to the British Special Air Service (SAS), the United States Army Special Forces (Green Berets), and the Russian Spetsnaz.

21st Special Service Group

The 21st Special Service Group (abbr.: 21 SSG; Malay: 21 Gerup Gerak Khas) acts as the special forces command for the Malaysian Army. Led by a two-star general, it functions as a combat formation that includes support elements such as signals, logistics, and medical units. It is headquartered at Camp Sri Iskandar in Mersing, Johor, and is comparable in role to the U.S. Army Special Operations Command.^[4]

10th Parachute Brigade

The 10th Parachute Brigade (abbr.: 10 PARA BDE) is an elite combat formation and the core of the Malaysian Rapid Deployment Force (RDF). It is a shock troop unit consisting of specialised light infantry, light armour, artillery, signals, engineering, logistics and medical units. The brigade was officially established in 1979, originally inspired by the British Army's Parachute Regiment.^[59][60]

In 2022, the brigade completed its transition into a specialised light infantry with hybrid airborne-marine capabilities, with all infantry units trained in airborne, air assault and amphibious operations. Membership requires completing a rigorous pipeline, including the Induction Programme, the Basic Parachutist Course, and the Basic RDF Course. In 2020, the unit was reclassified as specialised light infantry, aligning its status with units such as the 75th Ranger Regiment and the British Ranger Regiment.^[61][62]

91st Intelligence Operations Group

Formed in 1972, the 91st Intelligence Operations Group (91 GOP) is the combat intelligence special forces unit of the Royal Intelligence Corps. Its personnel must pass the standard special forces selection. Historically, the unit supported clandestine operations and provided human intelligence (HUMINT) during the communist insurgency. Today, its operations remain largely classified, and it provides specialised manpower to the Malaysian Defence Intelligence Organisation. Its roles are comparable to the Intelligence Support Activity.^[65][66][67]

165th Military Intelligence Battalion

The 165th Military Intelligence Battalion (165 MIB) was formed in 2008 to provide tactical intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance. It utilises advanced intelligence-gathering technology, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), sensors, and long-range cameras, to support elite formations like 21 SSG and 10 PARA BDE. It is considered the Malaysian Army equivalent of the United States Air Force Special Reconnaissance.^[68][69][70]

Other Elite Forces designations

Under the SATM standards, Army aircrews within the Malaysian Army Aviation and Dive Medical Assistants of the Royal Medical Corps are also categorised as "Special Forces". Additionally, reconnaissance and sniper elements at the standard infantry battalion level are classified as "Special Operations Capable" units.^[48]

Naval Special Forces

The Naval Special Forces (Malay: Pasukan Khas Laut — PASKAL) is the special force of the RMN and operate under the Naval Special Forces Command. Established in 1977 as the Naval Commando Unit, the formation initially focused on the protection of naval assets and bases, a role similar to that of the 43 Commando Fleet Protection Group Royal Marines. In 1982, following the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), PASKAL's mandate was expanded to include the protection of Malaysia's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

PASKAL shares an indirect lineage with the Malaysian Special Service Unit (MSSU), as several former MSSU members assisted in the formation of the original naval commando element. The unit's training and identity were shaped by various international special forces programmes:

• Indonesian Marine Corps Jungle Commando Course: Influenced the adoption of the magenta beret.
• Indonesian Navy KOPASKA Commando Course
• Royal Marines Commando Course: Resulted in the adoption of the Fairbairn-Sykes commando knife and the dark-blue lanyard.
• Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) Training: Influenced the design of the Trimedia, the Malaysian version of the Navy SEAL Trident.

Today, successful graduates of the RMN Special Forces Selection are awarded the magenta beret, the Trimedia insignia, a navy blue lanyard, and a Fairbairn-Sykes commando knife. Personnel must complete the formal Malaysian special forces selection to join. PASKAL is considered the RMN equivalent of the British Special Boat Service (SBS) and the United States Navy's SEAL Team Six.^[72][73]

Royal Malaysian Navy Divers

RMN Divers (Malay: Penyelam TLDM) is the collective term for combat dive-trained personnel, typically assigned to the Naval Diving and Mine Warfare Command (NDMW). Established in 2013, the command specialises in clearance diving, salvage operations, and explosive ordnance disposal (EOD). This formation succeeded the Naval Diving Unit, which was founded in 1965 at the Woodlands Naval Base. The unit eventually merged with the Navy Diving School in 1998 to form KD Duyong before the NDMW was established as a separate operational command.^{[74][75][76][77][78][79]}

While the RMN Divers is classified as a special force under SATM standards, its personnel follow a dedicated diving and EOD pipeline rather than the standard Malaysian special forces selection. Based at the Lumut Naval Base, the NDMW consists of four operational teams. Members are distinguished by naval diver and EOD skill badges on their uniforms. The NDMW is comparable to the United States Navy's Underwater Construction Teams (UCT), Royal Navy's Mine & Threat Exploitation Group (MTXG) and the Royal Australian Navy's Clearance Diving Branch.^{[74][76][77][78][79]}

Other Elite Forces designations

Under the SATM standards, several other RMN categories are designated as "Special Forces". These include naval aircrews within the Royal Malaysian Navy Aviation, RMN Dive Medical Assistants attached to the Royal Medical Corps, and submarine-trained personnel serving within the RMN Submarine Command.

RMAF Special Forces

The RMAF Special Forces (Malay: Pasukan Khas TUDM — PASKAU) serves as the service's special forces. The unit traces an indirect lineage to the Malaysian Special Service Unit (MSSU) through a 1983 initiative. During this period, a detachment of Gerak Khas commandos was assigned to the RMAF Ground and Air Defence Force (HANDAU) to establish two specialised sections:^[81]

• Combat Air Rescue Team: Modelled after the United States Air Force (USAF) Pararescue (PJ), this team specialises in personnel recovery and combat search and rescue (CSAR).
• Rapid Deployment Force: Designed for swift mobilisation via helicopter to provide support to units under attack.

In 1996, these elements were consolidated into a single formation known as the Pasukan Khas Udara (abbr.: PKU; lit. 'Special Air Service'). In 2002, the unit was renamed Pasukan Khas TUDM. Entry into PASKAU is restricted to RMAF officers and airmen who successfully complete the Malaysian special forces selection.^[81]

PASKAU is organised into specialised squadrons focusing on roles such as CSAR, forward air control, and counter-terrorism. Its structure and mission sets are comparable to the USAF Special Tactics Squadrons, incorporating roles similar to PJ, Combat Control Teams (CCT), and Joint Terminal Attack Controllers (JTAC). Members are identified by a light blue beret with a red-backed cap badge and a light blue lanyard.

RMAF GDF Rapid Intervention Team

The RMAF Ground Defence Force (abbr.: GDF; Malay: Pasukan Pertahanan Darat TUDM — HANDAU) is a light infantry and security unit within the air force. Personnel are stationed at major RMAF bases and receive training in urban warfare, air-mobility, and base security. They also provide operational support to PASKAU during the capture and securing of airfields.

Each GDF squadron maintains a small special operations capable section known as the Rapid Intervention Team (abbr.: RIT; Malay: Tim Atur Cepat — TAC). The RIT functions as a tactical response unit for air bases, specialising in close-quarters combat (CQC). These units also serve as "fly-away" security teams, accompanying transport aircraft to secure personnel and assets in deployed environments. The RIT is considered the Malaysian equivalent of the USAF Deployed Aircraft Ground Response Element (DAGRE).^[82]

Other Elite Forces designations

Under SATM standards, all aircrews within the RMAF are officially designated as "Special Forces". Additionally, several RMAF personnel are attached to the Malaysian Rapid Deployment Force (RDF) to provide technical and operational support, particularly in missions involving airborne and air-mobility operations.

MCG Special Tasks and Rescue Assault Team

The Special Tasks and Rescue Assault Team (abbr.: STAR Assault Team; Malay: Pasukan Tindakan Khas), commonly known as the STAR Team, is the primary maritime special forces unit of the MCG. These operatives are trained in maritime counter-terrorism (MCT) and specialise in visit, board, search, and seizure (VBSS) operations, anti-piracy missions, helicopter insertions, and hostage rescue at sea.^[86]

The unit was formed in 2005 with a nucleus of personnel drawn from the Naval Special Forces (PASKAL) and RMAF Special Forces (PASKAU). Recruitment is now conducted internally, requiring candidates to pass the Malaysian special forces selection process. Members are distinguished by a scarlet-red beret and an insignia similar in design to the RMN Trimedia. The STAR Team is comparable to the United States Coast Guard's Maritime Security Response Team (MSRT) and the Japan Coast Guard's Special Security Team (SST).^[86]

Malaysia Coast Guard Rescue Divers

The MCG Rescue Divers (Malay: Penyelam Penyelamat APMM) are an elite unit specialising in deep-sea search and rescue (SAR). Their mandate includes the recovery of individuals or assets from sunken vessels, downed aircraft, and submerged vehicles. As the nation's premier maritime SAR unit, they function as first responders under the Malaysia Rescue Coordination Centre (MRCC).^[87]

Established in 2009, the unit initially received training from United States Navy divers. Since 2014, training has been conducted in collaboration with the Japan Coast Guard's Special Rescue Team (SRT), with JCG instructors providing local training in Malaysia since 2023. Candidates must complete a specialised pipeline distinct from the assault team. Their roles and capabilities align closely with those of the Royal Malaysian Navy Divers.^[83][85][88]

Malaysia Coast Guard Rescue Swimmers

The MCG Rescue Swimmers (Malay: Perenang Penyelamat APMM) are a specialised aircrew unit focused on air-sea rescue operations. Stationed at air bases under the MCG Air Operations Division, these swimmers deploy from helicopters to perform rescues at sea.^[89][90]

Formed on 1 July 2008, the unit is distinguished by the use of papaya-orange wetsuits, a tribute to their mentors in the Japan Coast Guard SRT. This small, highly specialised unit recruits exclusively from the ranks of the MCG Rescue Divers, requiring further rigorous selection and training. Members are identified by rescue swimmer wings on their service uniforms and are considered the Malaysian equivalent of the United States Coast Guard's Aviation Survival Technicians.^[89][91][92]

Police Special Forces Command

The Pasukan Gerakan Khas (PGK) is the special forces command of the RMP, operating under the Department of Internal Security and Public Order (Malay: Jabatan Keselamatan Dalam Negeri dan Ketenteraman Awam — KDN/KA). The PGK manages high-risk operations, including counter-terrorism and hostage rescue.^[93]

General Operations Force

The General Operations Force (abbr.: GOF; Malay: Pasukan Gerakan Am — PGA) is the paramilitary arm of the RMP, responsible for infantry and armoured vehicle operations. Established on 1 August 1948 during the Malayan Emergency, it was originally known as the Jungle Police Force (Pasukan Polis Hutan), with its members popularly referred to as Jungle Squads. It consists of five infantry brigades and six armoured vehicle squadrons. The GOF maintains two distinct elite units:

Marine Operations Force

The Marine Operations Force (abbr.: MOF; Malay: Pasukan Gerakan Marin) is the maritime division of the RMP, responsible for commanding all paramilitary water police assets. It serves as one of Malaysia's militarised naval defence components, operating alongside the Royal Malaysian Navy and the Malaysian Coast Guard. Its elite component is the Marine Assault Team (Unit Gempur Marin), commonly known as UNGERIN.

Special Branch

The Special Branch (abbr.: SB; Malay: Cawangan Khas) is the domestic intelligence agency of the RMP. The division is responsible for gathering and analysing intelligence to maintain national security and public order. Due to the nature of intelligence work, most of its subordinate units are classified and do not appear in public records. However, two units have achieved public recognition due to their operational significance: the now-dissolved F-Team and the Counter-Terrorism Division (E8).

Crime Investigation Departments

The RMP maintains three distinct Criminal Investigation Departments (abbr.: CID; Malay: Jabatan Siasatan Jenayah — JSJ). These departments serve as the core of traditional law enforcement and criminal investigations within Malaysia. The three primary divisions are:^[100]

• Criminal Investigation Department: The largest division, responsible for investigating a wide range of serious crimes and general criminal activities.
• Narcotics Criminal Investigation Department: A specialised branch focused on combating drug-related offences, including the trafficking, production, and distribution of illicit substances.
• Commercial Crime Investigation Department: A division dedicated to the investigation of financial and white-collar crimes, such as fraud, money laundering, and embezzlement.

Each CID maintains its own tactical capabilities to provide specialised support for operations specific to its mandate.

Water Rescue Unit

The Water Rescue Unit (abbr.: WRU; Malay: Pasukan Penyelamat Di Air — PPDA) was established in 1987 as the department's first specialised wing. It focuses on underwater search and recovery (SAR) and surface water operations. Historically, these duties were split between the FRDM Scuba Unit (Unit Scuba Bomba) and the FRDM Special Boat Helmsman team (Jurumudi Khas Bomba) until they merged in 2006 to streamline command. WRU divers and helmsman are currently attached to major fire stations across Malaysia and frequently assist the Royal Malaysia Police in retrieving evidence or casualties from inland and coastal waters. The unit's speciality and roles make them comparable to international counterparts like the New York City Fire Department's (FDNY) Marine Division and Tokyo Fire Department's Marine Rescue Team.^[106]

Hazardous Materials Unit

Formed on 29 October 1992, the HAZMAT Unit manages chemical spills, radiological threats, and industrial accidents. The unit's foundation was built by twelve firefighters who underwent specialist training at the Fire Services College in Moreton-in-Marsh, United Kingdom. It remains the only FRDM element authorised to support the Malaysian Armed Forces during wartime for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE) decontamination.^[107]

Special Air Unit

The Special Air Unit (Malay: Pasukan Khas Udara Bomba — PASKUB) was established on 11 September 1998 to manage the department's helicopter operations. The unit recruits exclusively from existing FRDM special rescue units, resulting in a highly experienced cadre of pilots, aircrews, paramedics, winch operators, and rescue swimmers. PASKUB is responsible for a wide range of aerial missions, including search and rescue (SAR), aerial and high-rise firefighting, and the rapid insertion of personnel into operational areas. The unit is currently distributed across three regional airbases to ensure comprehensive coverage of Malaysia.^[108]

Canine Unit

The Canine Unit (abbr.: K9 Unit; Malay: Unit Pengesan Bomba) focuses on fire forensics, person and goods detection, and urban SAR. Established on 26 April 2002, both the handlers and their dogs are trained to navigate difficult terrain such as caves, rainforests, and swamps. While modern detection equipment is used, the "Canine" designation is maintained to acknowledge the historical role of the animals in the service.^[109]

Rapid Intervention Motorcycle Team

The Rapid Intervention Motorcycle (RIM) team was launched on 29 November 2004 to address urban traffic congestion. Firefighters use modified sports bikes to reach incident sites ahead of heavy engines. Equipment is split across three motorcycles and assembled upon arrival to begin immediate suppression or first aid. The concept received international recognition for innovation in 2000.^[110]

Emergency Medical Rescue Services Team

The Emergency Medical Rescue Services (EMRS) was formed in 2006. Unlike standard ambulance services, EMRS firefighters are cross-trained in specialist rescue, allowing them to treat casualties in "hot zones" such as collapsed buildings or hazardous spill sites. Their primary role is the safety of fire crews, though they provide secondary support to the public.^[111]

Smoke Jumper Team

The Smoke Jumper Team consists of specialised airborne firefighters trained in parachute insertion to combat wildfires in remote or inaccessible terrain. The unit comprises approximately 500 personnel stationed at major fire stations across Malaysia, with a rapid-response contingent permanently based at the department's three airbases.^[112][113]

The unit's origins date to 2 October 2000, when five members of the Multi-Skill Team (MUST) underwent static-line parachute training at the RMAF Kuala Lumpur. This training was conducted by the RMAF Special Air Service (renamed PASKAU in 2002). Following the initial phase, a further 22 MUST firefighters completed the course between September 2001 and May 2002. The success of these early detachments led to the formal establishment of the Smoke Jumper Team in 2007, providing the FRDM with a dedicated aerial suppression capability for the country's interior regions. The unit's capabilities are comparable to those of the Bureau of Land Management's Smokejumpers.^{[112][113][114]}

Special Tactical Operation and Rescue Team of Malaysia

The Special Tactical Operation and Rescue Team (STORM) was formed in March 2011 to serve as a special rescue unit within the FRDM. The unit is tasked with a wide array of technical search and rescue (SAR) duties, encompassing urban SAR (USAR), mountain and cave rescues, and high-rise incidents. Beyond traditional rescue work, STORM maintains the capacity for shipboard firefighting, aircraft emergencies, and jungle fire suppression. The team regularly conducts joint operations with the Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team (SMART), which serves as the federal-level heavy USAR body.^[115][116]

Commonly referred to as the Komando Bomba (lit. 'Firefighters' Commando'), the unit initially drew its members solely from veteran personnel within the FRDM's existing special forces. These candidates were required to complete intensive training at the SMART headquarters to qualify for service. While the selection process was originally restricted to experienced staff, the department has recently opened recruitment to high-potential new entrants.^[116]

The unit's capabilities were further bolstered in November 2024 following the merger of the department's Multi-Skill Team (MUST) into STORM. This integration added maritime firefighting, helicopter marshalling, and aerial deployment to the unit's core mandate. In terms of operational scope and technical specialisation, STORM is comparable to international emergency units such as the Tokyo Fire Department's Special Rescue and Mountain Rescue units.^[117]

Auxiliary Fire Brigade Special Forces

The Auxiliary Fire Brigade (Malay: Pasukan Bomba Bantuan — PBB) is composed of part-time firefighters who provide essential support to the full-time service. Within this auxiliary structure are two elite units dedicated to mountain and wilderness rescue.^[118]

Malaysian Prison Department

Operating under the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Malaysian Prison Department is a federal law enforcement body responsible for managing prisons, detention centers, and drug rehabilitation facilities across the country. Historically, the department functioned as part of the federal police until Malaya gained independence in 1957, at which point it became an independent government entity. Beyond its standard correctional duties, the department maintains specialised tactical units.

Immigration Department of Malaysia

The Immigration Department of Malaysia (IDM) serves as the federal authority for monitoring the movement of individuals at national entry and exit points. It enforces the Immigration Act 1959/63 and the Passport Act 1966. To address high-risk security threats at the borders, the IDM established a dedicated rapid response team.

Royal Malaysian Customs Department

The Royal Malaysian Customs Department (RMCD) operates under the Ministry of Finance and is responsible for revenue collection and the enforcement of over 35 different laws. Unlike other agencies, its primary focus is the regulation of goods rather than people, and it remains the only armed agency under the Ministry of Finance.

Civil Defence Force of Malaysia

The Civil Defence Force (MCDF) is a uniformed volunteer service within the Prime Minister's Department. It focuses on disaster management and emergency response, often working in tandem with the Fire and Rescue Department and the Ministry of Health.

National Anti-Drug Agency

The National Anti-Drug Agency (AADK) is the federal body under the Ministry of Home Affairs dedicated to drug prevention and rehabilitation. It maintains an independent operational capability similar to the American Drug Enforcement Administration.

Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission

The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) is an independent body under the Prime Minister's Department tasked with investigating corruption in both the public and private sectors.^[130]

JMF Elite Unit

The JMF Elite Unit serves as the special forces of the JMF. Established on 7 July 2008 as the JMF Elite Forces, the unit was formed at the behest of Tunku Ismail Idris, who drew inspiration from the Swiss Guard of Vatican City. Its core mission is the close protection of the Sultan of Johor and the Johor Royal Family. In 2023, the unit was renamed the JMF Elite Unit to ensure consistency with the nomenclature of other JMF subunits.^[134]

Members are trained in special operations and can be attached to the 21st Special Service Group (21 SSG), the special forces command of the Malaysian Army, during times of war or emergency. Such a deployment is subject to the approval of the Sultan of Johor, who serves as the Colonel-in-Chief of the 21 SSG and the Gerak Khas.^[134]

Recruitment is restricted to active-duty JMF personnel. Candidates are required to pass the Malaysian Special Forces Selection, a rigorous assessment process used to identify individuals capable of performing high-intensity specialist roles.^[134]

F-Team

The E3F squad, known by the codename F-Team, functioned as a clandestine human intelligence (HUMINT) unit within the Royal Malaysian Police (RMP) Special Branch. Formed in 1971 by Superintendent Leong Chee Woh (later Datuk), the unit's primary objective was to infiltrate and gather intelligence on the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM). Recruitment primarily drew from the RMP Jungle Squad, now the General Operations Force, and occasionally included surrendered CPM members. On specific operations, the team worked in conjunction with the Malaysian Army's Gerak Khas commandos.^{[135][136][137]}

The unit's existence was a state secret for over 45 years until its public acknowledgement in 2016. Following its dissolution in 1995, its legacy has been compared to international clandestine services such as Russian Federal Security Service (FSB).^[135][138]

Unit Tindakan Cepat

The Unit Tindakan Cepat (lit. 'Quick Actions Unit'), or UTC, operated as the tactical wing for the RMP Criminal Investigation Department (CID) D9 Branch. Although it was established in 1970 to counter Chinese triad activity, the unit's remit expanded during the 1980s to include Indian and Malay organised crime syndicates. UTC teams were distributed among state police contingents to lead high-risk arrests. The unit was eventually disbanded in 1995, with its tactical responsibilities absorbed into broader CID operations.^{[139][140][141]}

Pasukan Tindakan Khas

Established on 10 April 2016, the Pasukan Tindakan Khas (abbr.: PTK; lit. 'Special Action Force') served as the specialised enforcement arm of the Road Transport Department (JPJ). The unit targeted sophisticated automotive crimes, including luxury vehicle theft, cross-border smuggling, and the cloning of vehicle identification numbers (VIN). PTK operatives often conducted undercover work alongside the RMP CID D7 Branch and performed high-speed interceptions on national highways.^{[142][143][144][145]}

Candidates underwent rigorous training at the General Operations Force Training Centre in Ulu Kinta. However, the unit's activities were suspended in July 2017 following reports of member misconduct. While there have been discussions in 2025 regarding a potential reinstatement, the PTK remains inactive.^[146][147]

Special Task Force on Organised Crime

The Special Task Force on Organised Crime (abbr.: STAFOC; Malay: Pasukan Tugas Khas Melawan Jenayah Terancang), was a specialised tactical unit of the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP). Commissioned in 2014, the unit was created to bolster the operational capabilities of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID). A primary objective of its formation was to ensure operational independence and mitigate the risk of information leaks to organised crime syndicates.

During its four-year tenure, STAFOC was instrumental in the disruption and dismantling of several high-level criminal networks across Malaysia. Despite its operational record, the unit was disbanded in June 2018 as part of a broader restructuring of the RMP following a change in the federal government.

Special Tactics and Intelligence Narcotics Group

The Special Tactics and Intelligence Narcotics Group (abbr.: STING; Malay: Pasukan Khas Taktikal dan Perisikan Narkotik) operated as a specialised tactical unit within the RMP. Formed in January 2014, it functioned as the elite operational arm of the Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division (NCID).

The unit was designed to conduct high-risk raids and gather intelligence on international and domestic drug trafficking syndicates. Much like STAFOC, STING was granted a degree of operational autonomy to maintain secrecy and prevent the compromise of investigations. The group worked in tandem with the NCID until June 2018, when it was dissolved following a change in the federal government.

Special Task Force for Anti-Vice, Gambling, and Gangsterism

The Special Task Force for Anti-Vice, Gambling, and Gangsterism (abbr.: STAGG; Malay: Pasukan Khas Anti Maksiat, Perjudian dan Gengsterisme), was a specialised tactical element of the RMP. Launched in December 2014, the unit supported the Criminal Investigation Department's (CID) D7 Branch. Its primary mandate involved the suppression of illegal gambling, vice activities, and the influence of secret societies.

Mirroring the structural model of STAFOC and STING, STAGG was designed to operate with a high level of confidentiality to bypass local criminal informants. The unit led numerous coordinated raids across the country until June 2018, when it was disbanded as part of the internal security reforms following the 14th general election.

National Special Operations Forces

The National Special Operations Forces (NSOF) was a multi-service counterterrorism task force inaugurated in October 2016. It was designed as a rapid-response unit to counter the rise of ISIS-linked threats in Southeast Asia. The NSOF was unique because it drew elite personnel from across the security spectrum, including the army's 11th Special Service Regiment, the navy's Naval Special Forces (PASKAL), the air force's RMAF Special Forces (PASKAU), the coast guard's Special Tasks and Rescue (STAR), and the police's 69 Commando and Special Actions Unit (UTK).^{[49][51][148]}

Operating out of Camp Perdana in Kuala Lumpur, the NSOF reported to the National Movement Planning Committee (Jawatankuasa Perancang Gerakan Kebangsaan — JPGK). This committee ensured the unit was under the direct oversight of the Chief of Defence Forces, the Inspector General of Police, and the Prime Minister. The force was disbanded in October 2018, with its role subsequently filled by the Defence Special Operations Division (DSOD). The NSOF capabilities are comparable to international high-readiness units such as the American Delta Force and Russian Alpha Group.^[49][51]

RMAF Close Escort Team

Following the 1993 restructuring of the RMAF HANDAU into the RMAF Provost, the Close Escort Team (CET) was formed as a dedicated protection unit. Its mission included the security of high-ranking officials and sensitive RMAF assets. Qualification required a three-week course covering tactical driving, threat analysis, and firearms proficiency. Graduates were distinguished by a red beret and a specific RMAF Regiment cap badge backing.^[149][150]

The CET was dissolved around 2020 during a structural reorganisation. Rather than maintaining a standalone unit, the RMAF integrated CET skill sets across the entire Provost branch, allowing all personnel within the restructured Ground Defence Force to perform protection duties.^[149][150]

Multi-Skill Team

The Multi-Skill Team (MUST) was an elite special rescue unit of the Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia (FRDM), specialised in helicopter-borne operations and firefighting in extreme environments. Formed on 11 September 1998 to secure the Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, it provided a high-readiness capability for high-rise rescues and athlete safety.^[105]

In November 2024, the FRDM disbanded MUST to eliminate operational redundancies with the Special Air Unit (PASKUB) and the Special Tactical Operation and Rescue Team (STORM). Personnel were absorbed into STORM to streamline department resources.^[117]