Equilibrium model of group development
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The equilibrium model of group development (equilibrium model) is a sociological theory on how people behave in groups.
The model theorizes that group members will work to maintain a balance, or equilibrium, between task-oriented (instrumental) and socio-emotional (expressive) needs.[1][2] A group can be successful if it maintains this equilibrium.
The equilibrium model was created by Robert Bales, who conducted early empirical studies on group development.[3][4] His model was the first extensive and systematic description of group development borne out of group observation.[5]
The equilibrium model is a progressive model as it explains group maturity and performance over a given period of time.[6] Bales proposed the model as a means to study the manifestation and incidence of task-oriented and socio-emotional behaviours.[7]
There are three main stages of group development within the equilibrium model.[6]
Stages
- The first stage is orientation. Group members meet, ask questions and exchange information. Task-oriented behaviours are prevalent.
- The second stage is evaluation. Group members express their opinions and attitudes. Socio-emotional behaviours increase.
- The third stage is control. Group members exert pressure to influence group actions and activities.
Overall, as a group moves throughout the three stages, task-oriented behaviours decline while socio-emotional behaviours increase[6]