Estonian folk dance

Estonian folk dance is generally calm, though it stands out among world traditions for the diversity of its basic steps. The earliest written records of Estonian folk dance date from the 12th century. Elements from these ancient ritual dances are preserved in circle and chain dances, some of the oldest forms in Estonian dance culture, believed to have been intended originally to protect against evil spirits. Estonian folk dance also includes mimicry dances, where movements imitate animals or activities; these dances persisted into the 19th century before gradually losing their prominence. Ancient group dances are another key form, emphasizing unity and cooperation, with particular attention given to the coordination of steps and the number of dancers involved.^{[1][2][failed verification]}

The Estonian Dance Festival (Üldtantsupidu) is the country's largest folk dance celebration, first held in 1934 at Kadriorg Stadium. Occurring every four years at Kalevi Keskstaadion in Tallinn, the festival features dances selected around a central theme and includes participants of all ages. Performances range from traditional folk dances to modern interpretations that fuse old and new styles.^[3]