Euphorinae
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Euphorinae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Peristenus digoneutis | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Braconidae |
| Subfamily: | Euphorinae Förster, 1862 |
| Tribes | |
|
Several, see text | |
The Euphorinae are a large subfamily of Braconidae parasitoid wasps. Some species have been used for biological pest control. They are sister group to the Meteorinae.
There are over 1270 species of Euphorinae.[1]
Euphorines are small, usually dark colored wasps. They are non-cyclostomes. Euphorines are found worldwide.[2]
Biology
Euphorines are solitary or rarely gregarious koinobiont endoparasitoids. Unlike most other parasitoid wasps, Euphorinae have a broad host range and attack adult insects or nymphs of hemimetabolous insects.
Wasps of the tribe Dinocampini parasitize adult beetles.[3]
Taxonomy and phylogeny
Shaw (1985) divided Euphorinae into three tribes, Cosmophorini and Meteorini with one genus each and Euphorini containing 33 genera. In 1997, Shaw proposed 9 tribes and 31 genera of Euphorinae.[2] By Yu et al. (2012), the list of representative tribes of Euphorinae had grown to 16: Centistini, Cosmophorini, Cryptoxilonini, Dinocampini, Euphorini, Helorimorphini, Mannokeraiini, Meteorini, Myiocephalini, Neoneurini, †Oncometeorini, Perilitini, Planitorini, Proclithrophorini, Syntretini, and Tainitermini.[4] Mannokeraiini was synonymised under Planitorini by van Achterberg et al. (2017).[5] Stigenberg et al. (2015) treated 52 genera in 14 extant tribes, elevating Pygostolini from a subtribe of Centistini, synonymizing Cryptoxilonini under Cormophorini, synonymizing Proclithrophorini under Townesilitini, and removing Tainitermini as not nested within Euphorinae.[6] Chen & van Achterberg (2019) included the additional tribe of Eadyini and removed Proclithrophorini from synonymy.[7] In 2021, Stigenberg & van Achterberg returned Proclithrophorini to synonymy under Townesilitini.[8] Bendixen & Shaw (2024) elevated the Meteorini again to subfamily status as Meteorinae rather than treat them as basal Euphorinae.[9]
The present Euphorinae thus contains 14 extant tribes: Centistini, Cosmophorini, Dinocampini, Eadyini, Ecnomiini, Euphorini, Helorimorphini, Myiocephalini, Neoneurini, Perilitini, Planitorini, Pygostolini, Syntretini, and Townesilitini.
Belokobylskij (2022) recognize two extinct tribes, Oncometeorini and Prosyntretini.[10]