European interwar dictatorships
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of dictatorial regimes operational in European states in the interwar period, the period between World War I and World War II.
| Country | Leader[1] | Start | End | Head of state[2] | Head of government[3] | Head of state party[4] | Parliament[5] | Parties[6] | Elections |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmed Zogu | 1925-02-01 | 1939-04-07 | yes[7] | until 1928 | no | redesigned | NP | yes | |
| Engelbert Dolfuss, Kurt Schuschnigg | 1933-03-07 | 1938-03-13 | no | yes[8] | yes | redesigned | OP | no | |
| Emil Hácha | 1939-03-16 | 1945-05-05 | no | yes | yes | none | OP | no | |
| Alexander Tsankov | 1923-06-09 | 1926-01-04 | no | yes | yes[9] | coerced | MP | yes | |
| Boris III | 1935-01-22 | 1943-08-28 | yes | no | no | redesigned | NPO[10] | yes | |
| collective[11] | 1938-09-30 | 1939-03-15 | n/a | n/a | n/a[12] | coerced[13] | MP[14] | no | |
| collective[15] | 1933-06-24 | 1939-09-01 | n/a | n/a | n/a | coerced | MP | yes | |
| Konstantin Päts | 1934-03-12 | 1940-06-17 | no[16] | yes | no[17] | redesigned[18] | NPO[19] | yes | |
| Adolf Hitler | 1933-01-30 | 1945-04-30 | 1934-1945[20] | yes[21] | yes[22] | coerced[23] | OP | yes | |
| Theodoros Pangalos | 1925-06-24 | 1926-08-26 | since 1926[24] | until 1926 | no | coerced | MP | yes | |
| Ioannis Metaxas | 1936-08-04 | 1941-04-25 | no | yes | no[25] | none | NP | no | |
| Béla Kun | 1919-03-21 | 1919-08-01 | no[26] | no | yes | none | MP | no | |
| collective[27] | 1919 | 1920 | n/a | n/a | n/a | none | MP | no | |
| Miklós Horthy | 1920-03-01 | 1944-10-15 | yes | no | no[28] | coerced | MP | yes | |
| Benito Mussolini | 1922-10-31 | 1943-07-23[29] | no[30] | yes | yes | redesigned[31] | MP (until 1926) OP (after 1926)[32] | yes | |
| Kārlis Ulmanis | 1934-05-15 | 1940-06-15 | since 1936[33] | yes | no[34] | none[35] | NP[36] | no | |
| Antanas Smetona | 1926-12-19 | 1940-06-15 | yes | no | until 1926[37] | redesigned[38] | MP (until 1936) OP (after 1936)[39] | yes | |
| Józef Piłsudski | 1926-05-14 | 1935-05-12 | no | 1926–1930[40] | no[41] | coerced | MP | yes | |
| collective[42] | 1935-05-12 | 1939-09-17 | n/a | n/a | n/a | coerced | MP | yes | |
| Sidónio Pais[43] | 1917-12-17 | 1918-12-14 | since 1917[44] | yes[45] | no | coerced | MP | yes | |
| collective[46] | 1926-05-28 | 1933-03-19 | n/a | n/a | n/a | coerced | NP | yes | |
| António Salazar | 1933-03-19 | 1974-04-25 | no | yes | yes[47] | redesigned | OP | yes | |
| Carol II | 1938-02-11 | 1940-09-05 | yes | no | no[48] | none[49] | OP | yes | |
| Giuliano Gozi[50] | 1923-04-01 | 1943-07-28[51] | intermittently | n/a | yes | coerced | MP (until 1925) OP | yes | |
| Jozef Tiso | 1939-03-14 | 1945-04-01 | yes[52] | until 1939 | yes | redesigned | MP[53] | no | |
| collective[54] | spring 1918[55] | between 1927 and 1929[56] | n/a | n/a | n/a | coerced | MP (until 1922) NPO[57] | yes | |
| collective[58] | 1918-09-23 | 1918-11-18 | n/a | n/a | n/a | none | MP | no | |
| Alexander Kolchak[59] | 1918-11-18 | after 1920-02-07[60] | yes | no | yes[61] | none | MP | no | |
| Joseph Stalin | between 1927 and 1929[56] | 1953-03-05 | no | since 1941 | yes | redesigned[62] | OP | yes | |
| Miguel Primo de Rivera | 1923-09-23 | 1930-01-28 | no | yes | yes | redesigned[63] | OP | no | |
| collective[64] | 1930-01-28 | 1931-04-14 | n/a | n/a | n/a | redesigned | MP | yes | |
| collective[66] | 1936-07-18 | 1936-10-01 | n/a | n/a | n/a | none | MP[67] | no | |
| Francisco Franco | 1936-10-01 | 1975-11-20 | yes | until 1973 | yes | redesigned | OP[68] | no | |
| collective[69] | 1936-07-18 | 1939-03-31 | n/a | n/a | n/a | coerced[70] | MP | no | |
| Mustafa Kemal Atatürk | 1920-05-03 | 1938-11-10 | since 1923[71] | until 1921 | yes | redesigned | NPO | yes | |
| collective[72] | 1938-11-10 | 1950-05-22 | n/a | n/a | n/a | redesigned | NPO | yes | |
| Alexander I | 1929-01-06 | 1934-04-09 | yes | no | no | redesigned[73] | OP[74] | yes | |
| collective[75] | 1934-04-09 | 1941-03-27 | n/a | n/a | n/a | redesigned | MP[76] | yes |