Exclusion zone (physics)

The first observations of a different behavior of water molecules, close to the walls of its container, date back to late 1960s and early 1970s, when Walter Drost-Hansen, upon reviewing many experimental articles, came to the conclusion that interfacial water (sometimes described as "vicinal water") shows structural difference.^[7][8]

In 1986, Boris Derjaguin and his colleagues observed an exclusion zone next to the walls of cells.^[9]

In 2006 the group of Gerald Pollack reported their observation of what they called an exclusion zone. They observed that the particles of colloidal and molecular solutes suspended in aqueous solution are profoundly and extensively excluded from the vicinity of various hydrophilic surfaces.^[1] The exclusion zone has been observed and characterized by several independent groups since those early observations.^[10][11][4]

Since the early observations, several theoretical models have been proposed, to explain the experimental observation of the exclusion zone.

Some researchers suggest that the exclusion zone is due to a change in the molecular structure of water near an adjacent solid hydrophilic or metal surface.^[1][12] In this model, the water in the exclusion zone has a structure of hexagonal sheets, where the hydrogen atoms are positioned between oxygen atoms. Moreover, hydrogen atoms bond to the oxygen atoms lying in the layer above and below so that in total each hydrogen forms three bonds. This structure can be considered as an intermediate between ice and water. However, the hexagonal sheet hypothesis does not account for all aspects of the exclusion zone, and it is not supported by the majority of physicists.

Another calculation performed describes the molecules of the exclusion zone using quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. In this model the liquid bulk water is in a gaseous state. Then, above a certain density threshold and below a specific critical temperature, those molecules go to another quantum state, with lower energy. In this lower energy, coherent state, the cloud of electrons oscillate between two quantum states: a ground state, and an excited state where one electron per molecule is almost free (the binding energy is about 0.5 eV). In this coherent state the quantum superposition has a component with coefficient 0.9 of the ground state, and a component with 0.1 of the excited state. The electrons in this quantum state oscillate between the ground state and the excited state with a certain frequency, and this oscillation creates an electromagnetic field, which is confined within the super-molecular structure, so that no radiation is observed. The molecules of the structure, together with the confined electromagnetic field, constitute in this model the exclusion zone.^[13]