Fadl ibn Muhammad
Shaddadid emir from 985 to 1031
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Al-Fadhl ibn Muhammad al-Shaddadi (also al-Fadl ibn Muhammad, Fadl ibn Muhammad, Fadlun ibn Muhammad, Fadhlun ibn Muhammad, or Fadl I was the Shaddadid emir of Arran from 985 to 1031. Of Kurdish origin, al-Fadhl was called "Fadhlun the Kurd" by ibn al-Athir and other Arabic historians. Al-Fadhl was the first Shaddadid emir to issue coinage, locating his mint first at Partav (Barda'a) and was later transferred to Ganja.[2]
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| Fadl ibn Muhammad | |
|---|---|
| |
| Reign | 985–1031 |
| Predecessor | Marzuban ibn Muhammad |
| Successor | Abu'l-Fath Musa |
| Died | 1031 |
| House | Shaddadids |
Al-Fadhl built a bridge across the Araxes with the intent to raid the Rawadids, and led an expedition against the Khazars around 1030.[3] The Khazars reportedly killed 10,000 of his soldiers. Since the Khazar Khaganate had been destroyed in 969, it is unclear whether these Khazars were from a successor state or kingdom located in the Caucasus, were subjects of a Kipchak or Pecheneg ruler, or whether ibn al-Athir was mistaken or was using "Khazars" as a generic term for steppe people.
In 993, the army of Fadl I captured Barda and Beylagan.[4] During his reign, there were clashes with the Georgian kings, the Byzantines (1037-1038), the Alans and the Rus.[5] Friendly relations were maintained with the Rawadids, the Shirvanshahs, and the Emirate of Tbilisi.[6]
In 1003/1004, following the death of Grigor, ruler of Pharisos, al-Fadl of the Shaddadids imprisoned his son Philip and seized the districts of Shashvash and Shothkh from Grigor’s domains.[7]
In 1026, the king of Georgia, probably Giorgi I, launched a campaign against Shamkur and besieged the city once again. Al-Fadl confronted the Georgian forces in battle and defeated them, forcing the siege to be lifted, and killing 10,000 of them.[8][9]
According to Ibn al-Athir, Fadl I launched a campaign against the Khazars in 1030.[10]
Al-Fadhl died in 1031 and was succeeded by his son Abu'l-Fath Musa.