Fengning Manchu Autonomous County
Autonomous county in Hebei, China
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Fengning Manchu Autonomous County (Chinese: 丰宁满族自治县; Manchu: ᡶᡝᠩ ᠨᡳᠩ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡠᡴᠰᡠᡵᠠ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡰᡥᡳ ᠰᡳᠶᠠᠨ) is a Manchu autonomous county of northern Hebei province, bordering Beijing to the southwest and Inner Mongolia to the north, and lying under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Chengde.
Fengning County
丰宁县 ᡶᡝᠩ ᠨᡳᠩ ᠰᡳᠶᠠᠨ | |
|---|---|
| 丰宁满族自治县 ᡶᡝᠩ ᠨᡳᠩ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡠᡴᠰᡠᡵᠠ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡰᡥᡳ ᠰᡳᠶᠠᠨ Fengning Manchu Autonomous County | |
Bashang meadows | |
  Fengning Location in Hebei | |
| Coordinates: 41°12′N 116°39′E | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Hebei |
| Prefecture-level city | Chengde |
| County seat | Dage |
| Area | |
• Total | 8,765 km2 (3,384 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 662 m (2,172 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
• Total | 326,353 |
| • Density | 37.23/km2 (96.43/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 068300 |
| Area code | 0314 |
| Website | www |
| Fengning Manchu Autonomous County | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 丰宁满族自治县 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 豐寧滿族自治縣 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Manchu name | |||||||
| Manchu script | ᡶᡝᠩ ᠨᡳᠩ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡠᡴᠰᡠᡵᠠ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡰᡥᡳ ᠰᡳᠶᠠᠨ | ||||||
| Möllendorff | feng ning manju uksura beye žhi siyan | ||||||
It is the second-largest county of Hebei in terms of area, after the neighbouring Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County.
History
Fossils from the Jinfengopteryx, a genus of dinosaur, were discovered in Fengning Manchu Autonomous County.[2] Other dinosaur fossils discovered in the autonomous county include one belonging to the ceratopsia suborder, and one of a stegosaurus,[2] which both date back to approximately 130,000 million years ago.[3] The area belonged to the wider Jehol Biota ecosystem.[2]
Evidence suggests of human activity in the area of present-day Fengning Manchu Autonomous County dates back to approximately 30,000 to 50,000 years ago.[2] Archaeological sites from the Hongshan culture and the Shanrong have been found in the autonomous county.[2]
Qing dynasty
In 1735, the 13th year of the Yongzheng Emperor's, the Siqi Subprefecture (simplified Chinese: 四旗厅; traditional Chinese: 四旗廳; pinyin: Sìqí Tīng) was established in the area.[2] In 1778, the area was reorganized as Fengning County (simplified Chinese: 丰宁县; traditional Chinese: 豐寧縣; pinyin: Fēngníng Xiàn).[2]
People's Republic of China
In 1987, the State Council approve re-designating Fengning County as Fengning Manchu Autonomous County.[2]
Geography
Fengning Manchu Autonomous County is bordered by Beijing to the south and Inner Mongolia to the north.[2] The autonomous county is located at the northern edge of the Yan Mountains, and the southern edge of the Inner Mongolia Plateau.[2]
The Chao River, a tributary of the Chaobai River, and the Luan River both originate within the autonomous county.[2]
The autonomous county is covered by 8.81 million mu of forest, 58.53% of its total area.[2]
Geology
Fossil-bearing rocks of the Mesozoic Huajiying Formation and/or Yixian Formation occur on the surface. The prehistoric bird Paraprotopteryx was found in such a deposit.
Climate
Fengning has a rather dry, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), with long, very cold and dry winters, and hot, humid summers, and the elevation depresses temperatures. The monthly 24-hour mean temperature in January is −10.6 °C (12.9 °F), and in July it is 22.6 °C (72.7 °F), while the annual mean is 7.2 °C (45.0 °F). More than half of the annual precipitation occurs in July and August alone.
| Climate data for Fengning, elevation 735 m (2,411 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
28.4 (83.1) |
32.6 (90.7) |
37.5 (99.5) |
37.6 (99.7) |
40.5 (104.9) |
36.8 (98.2) |
35.2 (95.4) |
29.3 (84.7) |
20.2 (68.4) |
13.7 (56.7) |
40.5 (104.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.5 (27.5) |
1.8 (35.2) |
9.1 (48.4) |
17.7 (63.9) |
24.1 (75.4) |
27.8 (82.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
28.0 (82.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
15.7 (60.3) |
5.9 (42.6) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
14.9 (58.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.2 (13.6) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
1.2 (34.2) |
9.7 (49.5) |
16.4 (61.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
7.8 (46.0) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
7.3 (45.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −16.0 (3.2) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
1.9 (35.4) |
8.6 (47.5) |
13.9 (57.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
1.0 (33.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.4 (−17.3) |
−28.5 (−19.3) |
−26.0 (−14.8) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
4.0 (39.2) |
8.8 (47.8) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−10.5 (13.1) |
−23.6 (−10.5) |
−26.8 (−16.2) |
−28.5 (−19.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.9 (0.04) |
3.4 (0.13) |
6.8 (0.27) |
19.8 (0.78) |
40.8 (1.61) |
84.2 (3.31) |
129.5 (5.10) |
85.6 (3.37) |
58.5 (2.30) |
22.5 (0.89) |
8.6 (0.34) |
1.5 (0.06) |
462.1 (18.2) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.4 | 2.0 | 3.2 | 5.3 | 8.1 | 12.7 | 14.0 | 10.8 | 9.3 | 4.9 | 2.8 | 1.5 | 76 |
| Average snowy days | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 17.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 45 | 42 | 39 | 40 | 45 | 60 | 72 | 72 | 67 | 58 | 53 | 49 | 54 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 207.7 | 208.6 | 246.4 | 252.3 | 277.5 | 242.0 | 228.3 | 236.8 | 230.4 | 226.6 | 198.0 | 195.4 | 2,750 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 70 | 69 | 66 | 63 | 62 | 54 | 50 | 56 | 62 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 63 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[4][5] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[6] | |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions
The county has 1 subdistrict, 11 towns and 15 townships under its administration.[7] These township-level divisions then, in turn, administer 309 village-level divisions.[2]
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Manchu | Möllendorff |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subdistricts | ||||
| Xinfenglu Subdistrict | 新丰路街道 | Xīnfēnglù Jiēdào | ᠰᡳᠨ ᡶᡝᠩ ᠯᡠ ᠵᡠᡤᡡᠨ ᡤᡳᠶᠠ | sin feng lu jugūn giya |
| Towns | ||||
| Dage Town | 大阁镇 | Dàgé Zhèn | ᡩᠠ ᡤᡝ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | da ge kadalangga |
| Datan Town | 大滩镇 | Dàtān Zhèn | ᡩᠠ ᡨᠠᠨ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | da tan kadalangga |
| Yu'ershan Town | 鱼儿山镇 | Yúérshān Zhèn | ᠶᡠ᠋ ᡝᡵ ᡧᠠᠨ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | yu' er šan kadalangga |
| Tucheng Town | 土城镇 | Tǔchéng Zhèn | ᡨᡠ ᠴᡥᡝᠩ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | tu cheng kadalangga |
| Huangqi Town | 黄旗镇 | Huángqí Zhèn | ᡥᡠᠠᠩ ᠴᡳ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | huang ci kadalangga |
| Fengshan Town | 凤山镇 | Fèngshān Zhèn | ᡶᡝᠩ ᡧᠠᠨ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | feng šan kadalangga |
| Boluonuo Town | 波罗诺镇 | Bōluónuò Zhèn | ᠪᠣᠯᡠᠣ ᠨᠣᠣᡵ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | boluo noor kadalangga |
| Heishanju Town | 黑山咀镇 | Hēishānjǔ Zhèn | ᡥᡝᡳ ᡧᠠᠨ ᡰᡠᡳ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | hei šan žui kadalangga |
| Tianqiao Town | 天桥镇 | Tiānqiáo Zhèn | ᡨᡳᠠᠨ ᠴᡳᠠᡡ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | tian ciaū kadalangga |
| Humaying Town | 胡麻营镇 | Húmáyíng Zhèn | ᡥᡠ ᠮᠠ ᠶᡳᠩ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | hu ma ying kadalangga |
| Jiangjunying Town | 将军营镇 | Jiāngjūnyíng Zhèn | ᠵᡳᠠᠩ ᠵᡠᠨ ᠶᡳᠩ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | jiang jun ying kadalangga |
| Townships | ||||
| Wanshengyong Township | 万胜永乡 | Wànshèngyǒng Xiāng | ᠸᠠᠨ ᡧᡝᠩ ᠶᠣᠩ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | wan šeng yong gašan |
| Sichakou Township | 四岔口乡 | Sìchàkǒu Xiāng | ᠰᡳ ᡮ᠋ᠠ ᡴᠣᡡ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | si ts'a koū gašan |
| Sujiadian Township | 苏家店乡 | Sūjiādiàn Xiāng | ᠰᡠ ᠵᡳᠠ ᡨᡳᠠᠨ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | su jia tian gašan |
| Waigoumen Township | 外沟门乡 | Wàigōumén Xiāng | ᠸᠠᡳ ᡤᠣᡡ ᠮᡝᠨ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | wai goū men gašan |
| Caoyuan Township | 草原乡 | Cǎoyuán Xiāng | ᠴᠠᠣ ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | cao yuwan gašan |
| Kulongshan Township | 窟窿山乡 | Kūlóngshān Xiāng | ᡴᡠ ᠯᡡᠩ ᡧᠠᠨ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | ku lūng šan gašan |
| Xiaobazi Township | 小坝子乡 | Xiǎobàzǐ Xiāng | ᡧᡳᠠᡡ ᠪᠠ ᡯᡳ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | šiaū ba dzi gašan |
| Wudaoying Township | 五道营乡 | Wǔdàoyíng Xiāng | ᠸᡠ ᡩᠠᡡ ᠶᡳᠩ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | wu daū ying gašan |
| Xuanjiangying Township | 选将营乡 | Xuǎnjiāngyíng Xiāng | ᡧᡠᠠᠨ ᠵᡳᠠᠩ ᠶᡳᠩ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | šuan jiang ying gašan |
| Xiguanying Township | 西官营乡 | Xīguānyíng Xiāng | ᡧᡳ ᡤᡠᠠᠨ ᠶᡳᠩ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | ši guan ying gašan |
| Wangying Township | 王营乡 | Wángyíng Xiāng | ᠸᠠᠩ ᠶᡳᠩ ᠶᡳᠩᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | wang ying gašan |
| Beitouying Township | 北头营乡 | Běitóuyíng Xiāng | ᠪᡝᡳ ᡨᠣᡡ ᠶᡳᠩ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | bei toū ying gašan |
| Shirengou Township | 石人沟乡 | Shíréngōu Xiāng | ᠰᡥᡳ ᡵᡝᠨ ᡤᠣᡠ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | shi ren goū gašan |
| Tanghe Township | 汤河乡 | Tānghé Xiāng | ᡨᠠᠩ ᡥᡝ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | tang he gašan |
| Yangmuzhazi Township | 杨木栅子乡 | Yángmùshānzǐ Xiāng | ᠶᠠᠩ ᠮᡠ ᡯᠠ ᡯᡳ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | yang mu dza dzi gašan |
Demographics
Per government sources, Fengning Manchu Autonomous County has an urbanization rate of 24.35%.[2]
Ethnic groups
There are 35 different government-recognized ethnic groups living in Fengning Manchu Autonomous County.[2] Approximately 266,400 residents are ethnically Manchu (66.56% of the total population).[2] The next largest ethnic group are the Han Chinese, which number about 106,800 (26.69%).[2] Other major ethnic groups in the autonomous county include the Hui and the Mongols.[2]
Economy
The county draws in many tourists as the Bashang Grasslands in the far north of the county is the nearest grasslands to Beijing.[8] The cultivation of a local tourism is part of a broader regional development policy to support tourism as a primary industry in the Chengde area due to the environmentally friendly character of the industry going well with the goal of preserving the Chengde area's pristine environment, especially compared to the pollution problems besetting the rest of Hebei and also Beijing and Tianjin.[8]
The county's primary tourist attraction are the horse ranches in the Datan grassland. Other highlights are the Dahan Palace of Genghis Khan and the Baiyun Ancient Cave.[8] The height of the tourism season is in July and August when there are bonfire festivities filled with ethnic songs and dances, roasted whole lamb, and staged traditional sporting events like wrestling and archery.[8]
Significant deposits of molybdenum have been found in Fengning Manchu Autonomous County.[2]
Culture
The Manchu people of Fengning Manchu Autonomous County have a distinct style of papercutting, which is included in China's National Intangible Cultural Heritage List.[2]
Transport
Both China National Highway 111 and 112 pass through the county, with the former providing direct access to Beijing. The Zhangjiakou–Chengde Expressway, a segment of the G95 Capital Area Loop Expressway, also runs through the autonomous county.[2]
The autonomous county is served by two railroads: the Duolun–Fengning railway, which runs from Fengning Manchu Autonomous County to Duolun County in Inner Mongolia, and the Tangshan–Baotou railway.[2]
