Ferae

In mirorder Ferae

The common features for members of this mirorder are:^[11][12]

• ossified tentorium cerebelli,
• fusion of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist,
• and the a network of diploic venous channels throughout their cranial vault.^[13]

forefoot of Patriomanis americana

forefoot of Vulpavus profectus

forefoot of
Thinocyon medius

forefoot of Patriofelis ferox

In clade Pan-Carnivora

The common features for members of clade Pan-Carnivora are:

• binocular vision,
• sharp claws,
• heterodont teeth that are sharp and for cutting meat,
• canine teeth that are usually large, conical, pointed, thick and stress resistant,
• and presence of the carnassial teeth.

Carnassials are feature that allows distinguishing the Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta and Hyaenodonta from the other carnivorous placental mammals.^[11] However, these mammals are distinguished between themselves based on the position of the carnassial teeth and the number of molars. The carnassial teeth of the Carnivoramorpha are located in P₄ and m₁, in Oxyaenodonta are M₁ and m₂, and in Hyaenodonta and close relatives are M₂ and m₃. This appears to be a case of a possible evolutionary convergent adaptation toward similar diet.^[11]

skeleton of wolf

skeleton of Hyaenodon horridus

skeleton of Patriofelis ferox

diagram of a wolf skull with key features labelled

Comparison of carnassial teeth of a carnivoran (wolf), a hyaenodontid (Hyaenodon) and an oxyaenid (Oxyaena)

skull and jaws of
Simidectes merriami

Sister groups to Ferae

According to recent studies, the closest relatives of Ferae are members of clade Pan-Euungulata (group that includes mirorder Euungulata^[14][15] and extinct genus Protungulatum). Together they form grandorder Ferungulata.

An alternate phylogeny holds that the closest relative to Ferae is order Perissodactyla, with whom they form a clade Zooamata. Together, clade Zooamata and order Chiroptera form clade Pegasoferae,^[16] and Pegasoferae is sister taxon to order Artiodactyla within clade Scrotifera. However, subsequent molecular studies have generally failed to support this proposal.^{[17][18][19][20][21]}

Position of pangolins and creodonts within clade

Pangolins were long thought to be the closest relatives of aardvark and xenarthrans, forming to the now obsolete order Edentata. Research based on immunodiffusion technique^[22] and comparison of protein and DNA sequences^[23][24][25] revealed the close relationships between pangolins and carnivorans, with whom they also share a few unusual derived morphological and anatomical traits, such as the ossified tentorium cerebelli and the fusion of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist. The last common ancestor of extant Ferae is supposed to have diversified c. 79.47 million years ago.^[1]

While there has been strong support in the inclusion of order Creodonta into Ferae, they were usually recovered as sister taxon to order Carnivora.^[9] The Halliday et al. (2015) phylogenetic analysis of hundreds of morphological characters of Paleocene placentals found instead that creodonts might be the sister group to Pholidotamorpha (pangolins and their stem-relatives).^[26] However, recent studies have shown that Creodonta is an invalid polyphyletic taxon. Members of this group are now part of clade Pan-Carnivora and sister taxa to Carnivoramorpha (carnivorans and their stem-relatives), split in two groups: order Oxyaenodonta on one side and on the other side order Hyaenodonta plus its stem-relatives, genera Simidectes^[27][28] and Altacreodus.^{[29][30][31][32][33]}

Taxonomy