Filipino Mestizos
Racial identifier
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In the Philippines, Filipino Mestizo (Spanish: mestizo (masculine) / mestiza (feminine); Filipino/Tagalog: Mestiso (masculine) / Mestisa (feminine)), or colloquially Tisoy, is a name referring to people of mixed native Filipino and any foreign ancestry.[5] The word mestizo itself is of Spanish origin. It was first used in the Americas to describe people of mixed Amerindian and European ancestry.[6] Currently and historically, the Chinese mestizos were and are the most populous subgroup among the Filipino mestizos; they have been historically very influential in the creation of Filipino nationalism.[7] Spanish mestizos also historically and currently exist as a smaller population, but remain a significant minority among Filipino mestizos which historically enjoyed prestigious status in Philippine society during the time of Spanish colonialism.
| |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Philippines, United States, Canada, Spain | |
| Languages | |
| Philippine languages, English, Spanish | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Christianity (Roman Catholic majority, Protestant minority) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Chinese Filipinos, Spanish Filipinos, Americans in the Philippines, Japanese Filipinos,[3][4] Indian Filipinos, Arab Filipinos |
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History
Spanish period
 Spanish-Filipina Mestiza wearing the traditional María Clara gown of the Philippines and the long hair tradition of the Filipina women during the colonial era | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Philippines | |
| Languages | |
| Filipino, other Philippine languages, English and Spanish. | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity (Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Filipino people, Filipino Mestizos |
A Spanish expedition led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565 started a period of Spanish colonization of the Philippines which lasted for 333 years. The Roman Catholic Church played an important role in the Spanish colonization of the Philippines beyond the preaching of the Catholic faith. Spanish missionaries contributed to education, healthcare, scientific research and even public works. The Spanish government and religious missionaries studied the native Filipino languages and published the first grammars and dictionaries of Tagalog, the Bisayan languages and others. In the earlier period, Roman Catholic rituals were adapted to native beliefs and values. As a result, a folk Roman Catholicism developed in the Philippines.[8] European settlers from Spain and Mexico immigrated to the islands and their offspring (of either pure Spanish, or mixed Spanish and Native descent) adopted the culture of their parents and grandparents. Most Filipinos of Spanish descent in the Philippines are of Basque ancestry.[9] Some families still privately use Spanish in the households. In addition, Chavacano (a creole language based largely on Spanish) is widely spoken in Zamboanga and neighboring regions, as well as Cavite and Ternate. Spanish era periodicals record that as much as one-third of the inhabitants of the island of Luzon possessed varying degrees of Spanish admixture.[10] In addition to Manila, select cities such as Bacolod, Cebu, Iloilo or Zamboanga, which had important military fortifications and commercial ports during the Spanish era, also had sizable Mestizo communities.[11]
Chinese Immigration
咱儂 / 咱人 / 華菲人 Chinito / Chinita / Intsik Pilipinong Tsino Lannang / Chinoy / Tsinoy | |
|---|---|
 Chinese-Filipina girl wearing the María Clara gown, the traditional gown of Filipina women | |
| Total population | |
| At least 1.5 million are of pure Chinese ancestry. | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Metro Manila, Baguio, Central Visayas, Metro Iloilo-Guimaras, Metro Davao Negros, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Cagayan de Oro Vigan, Laoag, Laguna, Rizal, Lucena, Naga, Zamboanga City, Sulu | |
| Languages | |
| Filipino, English and other languages of the Philippines Hokkien, Mandarin, Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka Chinese, various other varieties of Chinese | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, P.I.C, Iglesia ni Cristo), Buddhism, Islam, Daoism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Sangley, Overseas Chinese |
Even before the Spanish arrived in the Philippines, the Chinese had traded with the natives of the Philippines. During the colonial period, there was an increase in the number of Chinese immigrants in the Philippines. The Spaniards restricted the activities of the Chinese and confined them to the Parián which was located near Intramuros, which later they could only live outside it if they became Christian, baptized under the Spanish friars. Most of the Chinese residents earned their livelihood as merchant traders.
Initially, many of the Chinese who arrived during the Spanish period were Hokkien initially from "Chiõ Chiu" (Zhangzhou) and some from "Chin Chiu" (Quanzhou), then later Amoy (Xiamen) and many from "Chinchew" (Quanzhou) who were usually merchants and rarely Macanese Cantonese or Taishanese from Macau and "Cantón" (Guangzhou or Guangdong province in general), who usually worked as cooks or laborers ("cargadores" coolie) or artisan craftsmen. By the American period, more "Fukien" still came and entered and continued the retail trade and currently make up most of the Chinese Filipino population with a few Cantonese also coming to build the Kennon Road / Benguet Road to Baguio. The Chinese residents of the islands were encouraged and sometimes incentivized to intermarry with other native or Spanish Filipinos and convert to Roman Catholicism. Both native Filipinos and Chinese who lacked surnames were encouraged to adopt one from the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos, an alphabetical list of Spanish family names, introduced by the government in the mid-19th century.
During the United States colonial period, the Chinese Exclusion Act of the United States was also applied to the Philippines once it was under US administration.[12] Despite this, many were still able to find ways to migrate into the Philippines during the era via legal exceptions, loopholes, or illegal means. There was a legal exception for "merchant's sons" with a Landing Certificate of Residence and loophole through family adoption through it. Some also came illegally by stowing away in ships and illegally sneaking past port authority or their own boats landing where there was no coast guard coverage before during that era. Some later also used these as a stepping stone to move to mainland United States.
After the Second World War and the victory of the Communists in the Chinese Civil War, many refugees who fled from mainland China settled in the Philippines. These groups in the 20th century formed the bulk of the current population of Chinese Filipinos.[13] After the Philippines achieved full sovereignty on July 4, 1946, Chinese immigrants became naturalized Filipino citizens, while the children of these new citizens who were born in the country acquired Filipino citizenship from birth.[14]
Chinese Filipinos are one of the largest overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia.[15] Mestizos de Sangley—Filipinos with at least some Chinese ancestry descended from the Spanish colonial era—comprise 18–27% of the Philippine population.[16] There used to be a record of roughly 1.5 million Filipinos with pure Chinese ancestry, or about 1.6% of the population back then.[17] There are no consistent ethnic-based census in the Philippine census currently.
Ethnic Groups in Colonial Philippines
 Filipino-American family, Philippines | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Angeles City · Baguio · San Fernando, La Union · Calamba · Tuguegarao · Calapan · Legazpi · Iloilo · Olongapo · Pagadian · Cagayan de Oro · Davao · Koronadal · Butuan · Cotabato · Metro Cebu · Metro Manila | |
| Languages | |
| Filipino · American English · Philippine English | |
| Religion | |
| Protestantism · Roman Catholicism · Buddhism |
日系 / 日系人 / 日系フィリピン人 にっけい / にっけいじん Hapon / Hapones / Haponesa Pilipinong Hapones Nikkei / Nikkeijin / Japino / Japinoy | |
|---|---|
 Takayama Ukon was a Japanese Catholic daimyō who migrated to the Philippines together with 300 Kirishitan refugees in 1614 as one of the many waves of Japanese immigration to the Philippines during the Christian persecution throughout 1600's in Japan under Tokugawa shogunate. Their descendance diluted to the local populations without records of number.[18][19] | |
| Total population | |
| Japanese nationals 16,894 (Oct. 2019)[20] People of Japanese descent 200,000[21][22][23] (2006) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Metro Manila, Davao, the Visayas, Ilocos Norte, La Union | |
| Languages | |
| Japanese, Filipino, other Philippine languages, English | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity,[24] Shinto, Buddhism. | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Japanese people, foreign-born Japanese, Japanese diaspora |
Except for the many Chinese migration waves, the history of racial mixture in the Philippines occurred on a smaller scale than other Spanish territories in Americas after and during the Spanish colonial period from the 16th to the 19th century. This ethno-religious social stratification schema was similar to the casta system used in Hispanic America, with some major differences.
The system was used for taxation purposes, with indios and negritos who lived within the colony paying a base tax, mestizos de sangley paying double the base tax, sangleys paying quadruple; blancos, however, paid no tax.[25] The tax system was abolished after the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain in 1898, and the term "filipino" was used to include the entire population of the Philippines regardless of ancestry, as per the Philippine nationality law. During the American colonial era, 'español filipino' was still used to refer to Filipinos of Spanish descent who have maintained the exercise of Spanish nationality or were presumed to have done so.
The Spanish deliberately implemented incentives to entangle the various races together to stop rebellion:[26][27][28]
A Native Filipina with Caucasians (probably Europeans or Americans), Chinese, and Japanese settlers in the Philippines, c. 1900
El Mestizo (A Filipino Mestizo) by Justiniano Asuncion, c. 1841
La Mestiza (A Filipina Mestiza) by Justiniano Asuncion, c. 1841
La Mestiza Española (A Spanish Philippine Mestiza) by Justiniano Asuncion, c. 1841
Mestizos Sangley y Chino (Sangley Chinese-Filipino Mestizos) by Justiniano Asuncion, c. 1841
It is needful to encourage public instruction in all ways possible, permit newspapers subject to a liberal censure, to establish in Manila a college of medicine, surgery, and pharmacy: in order to break down the barriers that divide the races and amalgamate them all into one. For that purpose, the Spaniards of the country, the Chinese mestizos, and the (native) Filipinos shall be admitted with perfect equality as cadets of the military corps; the personal-service tax shall be abolished, or an equal and general tax shall be imposed, to which all the Spaniards shall be subject. This last plan appears to me more advisable, as the poll-tax is already established, and it is not opportune to make a trial of new taxes when it is a question of allowing the country to be governed by itself. Since the annual tribute is unequal, the average shall be taken and shall be fixed, consequently, at fifteen or sixteen reals per whole tribute, or perhaps one peso fuerte annually from each adult tributary person. This regulation will produce an increase in the revenue of 200,000 or 300,000 pesos fuertes, and this sum shall be set aside to give the impulse for the amalgamation of the races, favoring crossed marriages by means of dowries granted to the single women in the following manner.
To a Chinese mestizo woman who marries a (native) Filipino shall be given 100 pesos;
to a (native) Filipino woman who marries a Chinese mestizo, 100 pesos;
to a Chinese mestizo woman who marries a Spaniard, 1,000 pesos;
to a Spanish woman who marries a Chinese mestizo, 2,000 pesos;
to a (native) Filipino woman who marries a Spaniard, 2,000 pesos;
to a Spanish woman who marries a (native) Filipino chief, 3,000 or 4,000 pesos.
Some mestizo and (native) Filipino alcalde-mayor of the provinces shall be appointed. It shall be ordered that when a (native) Filipino chief goes to the house of a Spaniard, he shall seat himself as the latter's equal. In a word, by these and other means, the idea that they and the Castilians are two kinds of distinct races shall be erased from the minds of the natives, and the families shall become related by marriage in such manner that when free of the Castilian dominion should any exalted (native) Filipinos try to expel or enslave our race, they would find it so interlaced with their own that their plan would be practically impossible.'[29]
Persons classified as blancos (whites) and those with Spanish ancestry were subdivided into the peninsulares (persons of pure Spanish descent born in Spain); insulares (persons of pure Spanish descent born in the Philippines i.e. criollos); mestizos de español (persons of mixed Austronesian and Spanish ancestry), and tornatrás (persons of mixed Austronesian, Chinese, and Spanish ancestry).[30][31]
Persons of pure or mostly Spanish descent living in the Philippines who were born in Hispanic America were classified as Americanos. Mestizos and mulattoes born in Hispanic America living in the Philippines kept their legal classification as such. Mulattos usually came as indentured servants to the Americanos. Philippine-born children of mestizos and mulattoes from Hispanic America were classified based on patrilineal descent.
The indigenous peoples of the Philippines were referred to as Indios (for those of pure Austronesian descent) and negritos. Indio was a general term applied to native Austronesians as a legal classification; it was only applied to Christianised natives who lived in proximity to the Spanish colonies. Persons who lived outside of Manila, Cebu, and areas with a large Spanish concentration were classified as such: naturales were baptised Austronesians of the lowland and coastal towns. Unbaptised Austronesians and Aetas who lived in the towns were classified as salvajes (savages) or infieles (infidels). Remontados ("those who went to the mountains") and tulisanes (bandits) were Austronesians and Aetas who refused to live in towns and moved upland. They were considered to live outside the social order as Catholicism was a driving force in everyday life as well as determinant of social class.
The Spanish legally classified the Aetas as ''negritos'', based on their appearance. The word term would be misinterpreted and used by future European scholars as an ethnoracial term in and of itself. Both Christianised Aetas who lived in the colony and unbaptised Aetas who lived in tribes outside of the colony were classified negrito. Christianised Aetas who lived in Manila were not allowed to enter Intramuros and lived in areas designated for indios. Persons of Aeta descent were also viewed as being outside the social order as they usually lived in tribes beyond settlements and resisted conversion to Christianity.
| Term | Definition | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| españoles (Spaniards) | español peninsular / español europeo | Person of pure Spanish (or sometimes Portuguese) descent born and raised in Spain ("from the Iberian Peninsula"). | |
| europeo naturalizado español | Person of non-Iberian, non-Iberoamerican European descent who has been granted naturalisation either in the metropole or in the colonies. Entitled to full rights as any other criollo unless given full rights by the Crown. | ||
| criollo (White Creoles) | español americano | Person of pure or almost pure Spanish, Castizo (3/4 Spanish, 1/4 Amerindian) descent born and raised in Spanish America ("from the Americas"). | |
| español insular | Person of pure Spanish descent born and raised in the Spanish West or East Indies | ||
| español filipino | Person of mostly Spanish descent with less than a quarter non-Spanish blood ("from the Philippine Islands") | ||
| mestizos (coloureds) | mestizo español | Person of mixed Spanish or Criollo/Americano and native Austronesian or Amerindian descent. | |
| mestizo de sementera / tornatrás | Person of mixed Spanish and Chinese descent or mixed Spanish, Chinese, and native Austronesian descent. Term rarely used in the Spanish East Indies but its use was prevalent in Cavite. Not to be confused with torna atrás in the Americas. | ||
| naturalizado español | Naturalised Spanish subjects of Chinese and sometimes Native or Arab descent. Occurrence was more common towards the final decades of Spanish rule. Usually a substantial financial and/or civic contribution, or even civil or military service merited naturalisation upon recommendation by the Captain-General to the Overseas Ministry or the Crown. | ||
| indio principal | Person of pure native Austronesian descent who was Christianized, usually under the Spanish missionaries of the Catholic Church. | ||
| indio natural | |||
| mestizo bombay | Person of mixed Indian and native Austronesian or Malay descent. | ||
| mulato | Person of mixed European and either Negro (African) or Negroid descent | ||
| indio infiel (unchristianised) | Person of usually pure indigenous pre-Austronesian descent, such as a member of the Aeta, Ati, Batak, Mamanwa, etc., or Austronesian descent | ||
| Negrito | |||
| mestizo sangley / chino | Person of mixed Chinese and native Austronesian descent or sometimes rarely of mixed Japanese ("xaponeses") descent lumped in. Was liable to pay the double tax. | ||
| chino / sangley cristiano | Person of pure Chinese descent who was Christianized, usually by the Spanish missionaries of the Catholic Church and remained Imperial Chinese subjects. Was liable to pay the quadruple tax. | ||
| sangley / chino infiel | Person of pure Chinese descent who was not Christianized and remained Imperial Chinese subjects. Was liable to pay the quadruple tax. | ||
| moro | Person who was Islamized, usually native Austronesian, Malay, Indian, Arab or Persian descent from the unconquered parts of Mindanao. | ||
The fluid nature of racial integration in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period was recorded by many travelers and public figures at the time, who were favorably impressed by the lack of racial discrimination, as compared to the situation in other European colonies.
Among them was Sir John Bowring, Governor General of British Hong Kong and a well-seasoned traveler who had written several books about the different cultures in Asia. He described the situation as "admirable" during a visit to the Philippines in the 1870s:
"The lines separating entire classes and races, appeared to me less marked than in the Oriental colonies. I have seen on the same table, Spaniards, Mestizos (Chinos cristianos) and Indios, priests and military. There is no doubt that having one Religion forms great bonding. And more so to the eyes of one that has been observing the repulsion and differences due to race in many parts of Asia. And from one (like myself) who knows that race is the great divider of society, the admirable contrast and exception to racial discrimination so markedly presented by the people of the Philippines is indeed admirable."[32]
Another foreign witness was English engineer, Frederic H. Sawyer, who had spent most of his life in different parts of Asia and lived in Luzon for fourteen years. His impression was that as far as racial integration and harmony was concerned, the situation in the Philippines was not equaled by any other colonial power:
"... Spaniards and natives lived together in great harmony, and do not know where I could find a colony in which Europeans mixes as much socially with the natives. Not in Java, where a native of position must dismount to salute the humblest Dutchman. Not in British India, where the Englishwoman has now made the gulf between British and native into a bottomless pit."[33]
Statistics
Though the Philippines upholds the principle of racial equality and does not actively gather information on specific races, statistics from historical immigration records,[34] census results,[35][36] and ship passenger logs,[37] can be used to ascertain the populations of specific types of Filipino mestizos.
Immigration Logs of Mexican Filipinos
Stephanie J. Mawson, by rummaging through records in the archives of Mexico,[37] discovered that the Spaniards were not the only immigrant group to the Philippines; Peru and Mexico too sent soldiers to the islands,[37] and in fact outnumbered the Spaniards who immigrated to the Philippines.[37]
| Location | 1603 | 1636 | 1642 | 1644 | 1654 | 1655 | 1670 | 1672 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manila[37] | 900 | 446 | — | 407 | 821 | 799 | 708 | 667 |
| Fort Santiago[37] | — | 22 | — | — | 50 | — | 86 | 81 |
| Cavite[37] | — | 70 | — | — | 89 | — | 225 | 211 |
| Cagayan[37] | 46 | 80 | — | — | — | — | 155 | 155 |
| Calamianes[37] | — | — | — | — | — | — | 73 | 73 |
| Caraga[37] | — | 45 | — | — | — | — | 81 | 81 |
| Cebu[37] | 86 | 50 | — | — | — | — | 135 | 135 |
| Formosa[37] | — | 180 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Moluccas[37] | 80 | 480 | 507 | — | 389 | — | — | — |
| Otón[37] | 66 | 50 | — | — | — | — | 169 | 169 |
| Zamboanga[37] | — | 210 | — | — | 184 | — | — | — |
| Other[37] | 255 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| [37] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Total Reinforcements[37] | 1,533 | 1,633 | 2,067 | 2,085 | n/a | n/a | 1,632 | 1,572 |
The book, Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 By Paula C. Park citing Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808) gave a higher number of later Mexican soldier-immigrants to the Philippines, pegging the number at 35,000 immigrants in the 1700s,[38] in a Philippine population which was only around 1.5 million,[39] thus forming 2.33% of the population.[40]
Tribute Counts of Spanish Filipinos
In the late 1700s to early 1800s, Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga, an Agustinian Friar from Spain, in his Two Volume Book: Estadismo de las islas Filipinas[35][36] compiled a census of the Spanish-Philippines based on the tribute counts (which represented an average family of seven to ten children[41] and two parents, per tribute)[42] and came upon the following statistics:
| Province | Native Tributes | Spanish Mestizo Tributes | All Tributes[a] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tondo[35]: 539 | 14,437-1/2 | 3,528 | 27,897-7 |
| Cavite[35]: 539 | 5,724-1/2 | 859 | 9,132-4 |
| Laguna[35]: 539 | 14,392-1/2 | 336 | 19,448-6 |
| Batangas[35]: 539 | 15,014 | 451 | 21,579-7 |
| Mindoro[35]: 539 | 3,165 | 3-1/2 | 4,000-8 |
| Bulacan[35]: 539 | 16,586-1/2 | 2,007 | 25,760-5 |
| Pampanga[35]: 539 | 16,604-1/2 | 2,641 | 27,358-1 |
| Bataan[35]: 539 | 3,082 | 619 | 5,433 |
| Zambales[35]: 539 | 1,136 | 73 | 4,389 |
| Ilocos[36]: 31 | 44,852-1/2 | 631 | 68,856 |
| Pangasinan[36]: 31 | 19,836 | 719-1/2 | 25,366 |
| Cagayan[36]: 31 | 9,888 | 0 | 11,244-6 |
| Camarines[36]: 54 | 19,686-1/2 | 154-1/2 | 24,994 |
| Albay[36]: 54 | 12,339 | 146 | 16,093 |
| Tayabas[36]: 54 | 7,396 | 12 | 9,228 |
| Cebu[36]: 113 | 28,112-1/2 | 625 | 28,863 |
| Samar[36]: 113 | 3,042 | 103 | 4,060 |
| Leyte[36]: 113 | 7,678 | 37-1/2 | 10,011 |
| Caraga[36]: 113 | 3,497 | 0 | 4,977 |
| Misamis[36]: 113 | 1,278 | 0 | 1,674 |
| Negros Island[36]: 113 | 5,741 | 0 | 7,176 |
| Iloilo[36]: 113 | 29,723 | 166 | 37,760 |
| Capiz[36]: 113 | 11,459 | 89 | 14,867 |
| Antique[36]: 113 | 9,228 | 0 | 11,620 |
| Calamianes[36]: 113 | 2,289 | 0 | 3,161 |
| TOTAL | 299,049 | 13,201 | 424,992-16 |
The Spanish Mestizo population as a proportion of the provinces widely varied; with as high as 19% of the population of Tondo province [35]: 539 (the most populous province and former name of Manila), to Pampanga 13.7%,[35]: 539 Cavite at 13%,[35]: 539 Laguna 2.28%,[35]: 539 Batangas 3%,[35]: 539 Bulacan 10.79%,[35]: 539 Bataan 16.72%,[35]: 539 Ilocos 1.38%,[36]: 31 Pangasinan 3.49%,[36]: 31 Albay 1.16%,[36]: 54 Cebu 2.17%,[36]: 113 Samar 3.27%,[36]: 113 Iloilo 1%,[36]: 113 Capiz 1%,[36]: 113 Bicol 20%,[43] and Zamboanga 40%.[43] According to the data, in the Archdiocese of Manila which administers much of Luzon under it, about 10% of the population was Spanish-Filipino.[35]: 539 Spanish-Filipinos maintaining a minimum median of 5% of the total Philippine population, once summing up all provinces.
The previously cited census record, summing up the tributes from the late 1700s, is also corroborated by another census finished in year 1818, also headed by clergy, this time by the two Priest-Scientists, Fr. Manuel Buzeta and Fr. Felipe Bravo, concluded that there were 1,522,221 souls represented by 312,251 tributes or families across the islands.[44]: 55 Within which; 400 tributes representing the pure Spanish showing the same number of pure Spanish families; 8,584 Spanish-mestizo tributes representing the same number of Spanish-mestizo families;[44]: 55 and 9,901 Chinese-mestizo tributes representing the same number of Chinese-mestizo families.[44]: 55 If calculating for the family size of a tribute which is 1 tribute to 9 persons in a family. "1:9" (1 Father and 8 Children as per the average number of children in the census, and disregarding the race of the mother that legally follows that of the husband upon marriage)[45] 8,584 Spanish-mestizo tributes plus 400 pure Spanish tributes sum up to 8,984 Spanish-blooded tributes and when multiplied by 9 result to 71,872 Spanish-blooded citizens which is about 4.72% of the 1,522,221 living in the Spanish-Philippines, similar to 5% ratio stated in the earlier census by Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga.[35][36]
As outlined below are the primary statistics of the said census.
| Provinces | Pueblos | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Negrito Families | Chinese Filipino Families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albay | Albay, Cabicera | 5,515 | 2 | 2 | |
| Manito | 240 | 4 | |||
| Bacon | 2,119 | 45 | |||
| Cuba | 2,162 | 52 | |||
| Casiguran | 1,025 | 28 | |||
| Juban | 396 | 18 | |||
| Sorsogon | 1,783 | 149 | |||
| Bulusan | 1,777 | 19 | |||
| Bulan | 714 | 16 | |||
| Donsol | 241 | ||||
| Quipia | 269 | ||||
| Lilog | 821 | 33 | 23 | ||
| Bacacay | 1,295 | 77 | |||
| Malilipot | 981 | 53 | |||
| Tabaco | 3,347 | 225 | |||
| Malitao | 2,844 | 241 | |||
| Tibi | 2,069 | 157 | 110 | ||
| Lagonoy y su anejo | 1,669 | 18 | 521 | ||
| San Jose | 1,829 | 114 | 470 | ||
| Caramoan | 641 | 72 | |||
| Total | 31,737 | 1,249 | 1,198 | 2 |
| Provinces | Pueblos | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Negrito Families | Chinese Filipino Families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isla de Ticao | San Jacinto | 266 | 8 | ||
| Total | 266 | 8 |
| Provinces | Pueblos | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Negrito Families | Chinese Filipino Families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isla de Masbate | Mobo | 912 | 1 | ||
| Total | 912 | 1 |
| Provinces | Pueblos | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Negrito Families | Chinese Filipino Families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isla De Catanduanes | Virac | 1,581 | 91 | ||
| Calolbon | 847 | 3 | |||
| Eiga | 847 | 3 | |||
| Payo y sus anejos Bagamanoc y Ooc | 644 | 17 | |||
| Pandan y Caramoan | 489 | 2 | |||
| Total | 4,408 | 116 |
| Provinces | Pueblos | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Chinese Filipino Families |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antique | San José de Buenavista, cabecera | 5,925 | 6 | |
| San Pedro de Balbalan | 2,247 | |||
| Sibalom | 4,665 | 2 | ||
| Patnongon y su visita Coritan | 2,097 | 3 | ||
| Bugason | 3,060 | 1 | ||
| San Antonio de Nalupa, su anejo Culari y visitas Tibiao, Bitad, Tun, Bacafan y Batunan | 2,542 | 19 | ||
| Pandan | 300 | |||
| Antique | 2,304 | 12 | ||
| Dao | 1,296 | 7 | ||
| Cagayan Chico en la isla del mismo nombre | 527 | |||
| Total | (Across the Province) | 24,963 | 50 | 40 |
| Provinces | Pueblos | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Moreno Filipino Families | Negro (Black) Filipino Families | Chinese Filipino Families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bataan | Balanga, cabecera | 1,608 | 12 | 18 | 8 | |
| Abucay | 1,406 | 20 | 3 | 5 | ||
| Samar | 1,000 | 4 | 1 | |||
| Orani | 1,000 | 25 | 8 | |||
| Llana-Hermosa | 716 | 1 | ||||
| San Juan de Dinalupijan | 451 | 19 | 7 | 3 | ||
| Pilar | 899 | |||||
| Mariveles y su visita Morong | 1,522 | 3 | 1 | 5 | ||
| Orion ú Odiong | 1,550 | 8 | 2 | 18 | 3 | |
| Total | 10,152 | 92 | 3 | 52 | 27 |
| Provinces | Pueblos | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Chinese Filipino Families |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Batangas | Balayan, cabecera. | 4,521 | 22 | |
| Lian. | 629 | 7 | ||
| Nasugbů. | 866 | 2 | ||
| Rosario | 1,758 | 4 | ||
| Santo Tomas. | 1,256 | |||
| San Pablo de los Montes | 1,948 | 7 | ||
| Taal | 8,312 | |||
| Baoan ó Banang | 5,813 | |||
| Batangas | 6,889 | |||
| San José | 2,427 | |||
| Tanauan. | 2,106 | |||
| Lipa | 4,104 | |||
| Total | 40,629 | 40 | 2 |
| Provinces | Pueblos | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Converted Negro Families | Chinese Filipino Families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulacan | Bulacan, cabecera. | 5,200 | |||
| Bigáa. | 1,876 | ||||
| Guiguinto. | 1,291 | ||||
| Malolos. | 8,110 | ||||
| Paombon. | 1,058 | ||||
| Hagonoy. | 4,572 | ||||
| Calumpít. | 2,628 | ||||
| Quingua. | 2,912 | ||||
| San Isidro. | 2,560 | ||||
| Baliuag. | 4,296 | ||||
| San Rafael. | 1,650 | 10 | |||
| Angat. | 5,441 | ||||
| San José. | 219 | ||||
| Santa María de Pandi. | 1,588 | 17 | |||
| Bocaue. | 2,550 | 88 | 2 | ||
| Marilao. | 881 | 28 | 5 | 1 | |
| Meycauayan. | 2,375 | 46 | |||
| Polo. | 3,160 | 44 | 4 | ||
| Obando. | 2,493 | ||||
| Total | 54,360 | 233 | 5 | 7 |
| Province | Pueblo | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cagayan | Lal-lo, cabecera. | 975 | 313 |
| Camalaniugan. | 1,156 | ||
| Piat y su visita. | 899 | ||
| Tabang.. | 201 | ||
| Cabagan. | 3,543 | ||
| Malaveg con su visita Mabanaug. | 524 | ||
| Tuao.. | 1,393 | ||
| Iguig y su visita Amulong. | 403 | ||
| Tuguegarao. | 5,072 | ||
| Aparri.. | 1,715 | ||
| Abulug. | 1,162 | 1 | |
| San Juan y su visita Masi. | 913 | ||
| Nasiping y su visita Gataran. | 573 | ||
| Ilagan.. | 1,150 | ||
| Gamú y su visita Furao. | 586 | 16 | |
| Tumauini. | 827 | ||
| Bugay.. | 299 | ||
| Aritao.. | 580 | ||
| Dupax. | 867 | 6 | |
| Bambang.. | 893 | ||
| Bayombong. | 771 | ||
| Lumabang. | 332 | ||
| Bagabag y su Fuerza. | 508 | ||
| Carig y su Fortaleza el Sto. Niño. | 305 | ||
| Camarag. | 488 | ||
| Angadanan. | 320 | ||
| Cauayan. | 318 | ||
| Calaniugan. | 135 | ||
| TOTAL | 26,726 | 336 |
| Province | Pueblo | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families |
|---|---|---|---|
| Islas de Calamianes | |||
| Calamianes | Culion en la de Calamianes, Isla de Linacapan, e Isla de Coron. | 1,044 | 2 |
| Isla de Paragua | |||
| Taytay, Silanga, Meitejet, Pancol, Guinlo, y Barbacan. | 1,424 | 4 | |
| Islas de Dumaran y Agutay | |||
| Isla y pueblo de Dumaran e Isla y pueblo de Agutay. | 632 | ||
| Islas de Cuyo | |||
| Isla y pueblo de Cuyo y su anejo, Canipo, e Isla de Pagaguayan. | 2,430 | 25 | |
| TOTAL | 5,530 | 31 | |
| Province | Pueblo | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Lacandula Families | Negro Filipinos | Chinese Filipinos |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Partido de Vicol (Ciudad de Nueva-Caceres) | ||||||
| Camarines | Tabaco y Santa Cruz. | 3,593 | 301 | 4 | 3 | |
| Naga. | 956 | |||||
| Camaligan. | 1,388 | |||||
| Canaman. | 1,589 | |||||
| Magarao ó Mangarao. | 1,862 | |||||
| Bombom ó Bonbon. | 1,245 | |||||
| Quipayo. | 784 | |||||
| Calabanga. | 1,174 | |||||
| Libmanan ó Libnanan. | 1,490 | 1 | ||||
| Milaor. | 1,902 | 7 | ||||
| San Fernando. | 688 | 2 | ||||
| Minalabag. | 901 | |||||
| Partido de la Rinconada | ||||||
| Bula. | 471 | |||||
| Bao ó Baao. | 1,538 | 37 | 4 | |||
| Nabua. | 2,612 | 2 | 2 | |||
| Iriga. | 2,040 | 1 | ||||
| Buhi ó Buji. | 1,979 | 10 | ||||
| Bato. | 495 | |||||
| Partido de la Iriga | ||||||
| Libon. | 410 | 4 | ||||
| Polangui. | 2,903 | 15 | ||||
| Ors ú Oas. | 3,614 | |||||
| Ligao. | 2,968 | 24 | ||||
| Guinobatan. | 2,605 | 1 | ||||
| Camalig. | 2,330 | 39 | 9 | |||
| Cagsava. | 2,870 | |||||
| Monte Isaroc | ||||||
| Pueblo y Mision de Manguirin. | 160 | 629 | ||||
| Goa, Tigabon y Tinambag. | 1,123 | 2 | 625 | |||
| Partido de la Contra-Costa | ||||||
| Sipocot, Lupi y Ragay. | 406 | |||||
| Daet. | 1,449 | 26 | 10 | |||
| Talisay. | 1,055 | 2 | ||||
| Indan. | 675 | 6 | ||||
| Paracale. | 697 | 34 | ||||
| Mambulao. | 950 | |||||
| Capalonga. | 137 | 4 | ||||
| TOTAL | 50,762 | 512 | 2 | 1,287 | 3 | |
| Province | Pueblo | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Lacandula Families | Negro Filipino families | Chinese Filipino families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capiz | Capiz y su visita Ibisan. | 2,650 | ||||
| Panay. | 2,275 | |||||
| Panitan. | 1,485 | |||||
| Dumalag y sus visitas Dao y Tapas. | 3,158 | |||||
| Dumarao. | 2,600 | |||||
| Mambusao y sus visitas Sigma y Jamindan. | 1,924 | 13 | ||||
| Batan y su visita Sapiang. | 2,255 | 56 | ||||
| Banga y su visita Madalag. | 1,579 | 8 | ||||
| Malinao. | 1,487 | 11 | ||||
| Calibo y su visita Macao. | 2,700 | 167 | ||||
| Ibajay. | 1,268 | 30 | ||||
| Isla de Romblon | ||||||
| Romblon. | 1,514 | 15 | ||||
| Isla de Sibuyan | ||||||
| Cauit, Pagalar, y Cajidiocan. | 1,114 | |||||
| Isla de Banton | ||||||
| Banton. | ||||||
| Isla de Tablas | ||||||
| Guintinguian, Aghagacay, Odiongan, Lanan, y Loog. | ||||||
| Isla de Simara | ||||||
| San José, Coloncolon. | ||||||
| Isla del Maestre de Campo | ||||||
| Sibali. | ||||||
| TOTAL | 26,009 | 285 | ||||
| Province | Pueblo | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Lacandula Families | Negro Filipino families | Chinese Filipino families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distrito de Surigao y Siargao | ||||||
| Caraga | Surigao (cabecera), Tagauan, Gigaquit ó Higaguit, Cabubungan, Isla y pueblo de Dinagat, Caco en la isla de Siargao, Dapa en dicha isla, Cabuntug en la misma isla, Sapao en la citada isla. | 2,475 | 25 | |||
| Distrito de Butuan y Talacogon | ||||||
| Butuan, Habungan, Tabay, Maynio, Talacogon. | 1,593 | 10 | ||||
| Distrito de Cantilan y Mision de San Juan | ||||||
| Lutao, Hingoog, Cantilan, Tago, Tandac, Lianga y la Mision de San Juan. | 1,155 | |||||
| Distrito de Bislic y Mision de Caraga | ||||||
| Jinatuan, Bislic, Catel, Bagangan y la Mision de Caraga. | 955 | |||||
| TOTAL | 6,178 | 35 | ||||
| Province | Pueblo | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Lacandula Families | Negro Filipino families | Morenos | Chinese Filipino families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cavite | Plaza y puerto de Cavite. | 221 | 153 | 5 | 100 | ||
| San Roque. | 3,906 | 443 | 3 | 35 | |||
| Cavite viejo. | 1,855 | 55 | 4 | ||||
| Bacood ó Bacor. | 1,729 | 19 | 4 | ||||
| San Francisco de Malabon. | 1,510 | 69 | 3 | ||||
| Santa Cruz de Malabon. | 2,090 | 3 | 1 | 2 | |||
| Pueblo y Hacienda de Nait. | 942 | 3 | 4 | 2 | |||
| Marigondon. | 2,043 | 3 | |||||
| Indan. | 2,759 | 36 | 2 | ||||
| Silang. | 2,255 | 6 | 1 | 4 | |||
| Imus. | 2,015 | 125 | 5 | ||||
| TOTAL | 21,325 | 912 | 14 | 164 |
| Province | Pueblo | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Lacandula Families | Negro Filipino families | Chinese Filipino families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isla de Cebu | ||||||
| Cebu | Cabecera, El Sto. Nombre de Jesus. | 868 | 255 | |||
| Parian, Yutaos y Sogod con la visita de este, Simugui. | 1,795 | 109 | ||||
| San Nicolás y sus visits Talisay, Lipata, Tansan, y Pitao. | 2,420 | |||||
| Opon y Talamban. | 2,850 | |||||
| Mandave ó Mandaui. | 2,729 | 20 | ||||
| Danao y Catmon. | 2,656 | 57 | ||||
| Barili y sus visitas Duman, Jod, Malhual, Coston, Badian y Taiuran. | 1,943 | 14 | ||||
| Samboan y sus visitas Jiratilan, Malabuyot, y Taburan. | 2,496 | 69 | ||||
| Bolojon y sus visitas Tayon, Calob, Mambuji y Yunan. | 2,420 | |||||
| Dalaguete. | 2,556 | |||||
| Argao y Carcar. | 3,250 | |||||
| Isla de Bantayan | ||||||
| Bantayan y sus visitas Octon y Davis, Daan, Bantayan y sus visits Sogod y Cavit. | 2,169 | 75 | ||||
| Isla de Siquijor | ||||||
| Siquijor y su visita Canoan. | 2,450 | 46 | ||||
| Isla de Bohol | ||||||
| Inabangan y sus visitas Pampan, Corte, Taoran, Canogon, Tubigon, Ipil, Talibon, Tabigui, Inbay, y Cabulao. | 1,815 | 41 | ||||
| Gindulman y sus visitas Quimale y Cugton. | 1,500 | 6 | ||||
| Jagna. | 3,255 | |||||
| Dimiao. | 2,016 | |||||
| Loay. | 1,614 | 5 | ||||
| Lobog y su anejo S. Isidro. | 3,852 | |||||
| Baclayon. | 3,549 | 5 | ||||
| Tagbilaran. | 2,370 | 2 | ||||
| Pimin-vitan. | 1,414 | |||||
| Malabohoo. | 2,269 | |||||
| Loon y su visita Catarbacan. | 1,990 | |||||
| Calape y sus visitas Bintig y Mondoog. | 1,932 | |||||
| Isla de Davis | ||||||
| Davis. | 2,055 | 9 | ||||
| Panglao. | 1,350 | |||||
| Isla de Camotes | ||||||
| Poro y sus visitas (administración de Mandave). | ||||||
| TOTAL | 60,305 | 638 | ||||
| Province | Pueblo | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Lacandula Families | Negro Filipino families | Chinese Filipino families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ilocos Norte | Bangui. | 1,449 | 5 | |||
| Nagpartian. | 423 | |||||
| Pasuquin. | 1,530 | |||||
| Bacarra. | 4,901 | |||||
| Vintar. | 2,064 | |||||
| Sarrat ó San Miguel de Cuning. | 2,755 | |||||
| Pigdig y su visita Santiago. | 4,015 | |||||
| Dingras. | 4,559 | |||||
| Laoag. | 12,055 | |||||
| San Nicolás. | 3,498 | |||||
| Batac. | 7,026 | |||||
| Paoay. | 7,447 | |||||
| Badoc. | 3,356 | |||||
| TOTAL | 55,078 | 5 |
| Province | Pueblo | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Lacandula Families | Negro Filipino families | Chinese Filipino families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ilocos Sur | Sinait. | 2,625 | ||||
| Cabugao. | 3,595 | |||||
| Lapoc. | 1,791 | |||||
| Masingal. | 2,740 | |||||
| Bantay y su visita San Ildefonso. | 5,535 | |||||
| Santo Domingo. | 2,912 | 36 | ||||
| San Vicente Ferrer. | 2,113 | 10 | ||||
| Santa Catalina. | 4,292 | |||||
| Vigan. | 6,849 | 421 | 14 | |||
| Santa Catalina V. y M. | 1,750 | |||||
| Narvacan. | 4,185 | |||||
| Santa Maria. | 2,985 | |||||
| San Esteban. | 819 | |||||
| Santiago. | 1,023 | |||||
| Candong. | 5,709 | |||||
| Santa Lucia y su visita Santa Cruz con la mision de Ronda. | 3,690 | |||||
| Tagudin y Ous. | 2,620 | |||||
| Mision llamada Sevilla. | ||||||
| Mision de Argaguinan. | ||||||
| Bangas y sus misiones. | 2,582 | |||||
| Villa-Cruz y San Rafael. | ||||||
| Namacpacan. | 2,564 | |||||
| Balaoan. | 2,703 | |||||
| Distrito del Abra | ||||||
| Tayum en el Abra. | 1,307 | 4 | ||||
| Bangued en idem. | 1,836 | 9 | ||||
| TOTAL | 61,397 | 530 | 14 | |||
| Province | Pueblo | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Lacandula Families | Negro Filipino families | Chinese Filipino families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iloilo | Iloilo (cabecera) y Guimaras. | 1,594 | 103 | |||
| Molo. | 3,457 | 23 | ||||
| Mandurrio. | 5,966 | |||||
| Barotac, Asuy y Batag. | 1,200 | |||||
| Ooton. | 5,395 | |||||
| Tigbauan. | 3,248 | |||||
| Guimbal y Tabungan. | 4,209 | |||||
| Miagao. | 4,096 | |||||
| San Joaquin. | 1,180 | |||||
| Igbaras. | 3,329 | |||||
| Camando. | 1,974 | |||||
| Alimodian y San Miguel. | 4,230 | |||||
| Ma-asin. | 2,880 | |||||
| Cabatuan. | 6,470 | |||||
| Xaro. | 6,871 | |||||
| Santa Bárbara. | 3,600 | |||||
| Janiuay. | 4,158 | |||||
| Lambuso. | 1,040 | |||||
| Calinog. | 960 | |||||
| Pasi y Abaca. | 2,637 | |||||
| Laglag y Diale. | 2,252 | |||||
| Pototan. | 3,000 | |||||
| Dumangas, Anilao, Banate y Barotac. | 3,200 | |||||
| TOTALS | 77,862 | 126 |
| Province | Pueblo | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Lacandula Families | Negro Filipino families | Morenos | Chinese Filipino families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laguna | Pagsanjan, cabecera. | 4,785 | 7 | ||||
| Lumban. | 1,983 | ||||||
| Paete. | 1,088 | ||||||
| Longos con su anejo San Antonio del Monte. | 944 | ||||||
| Paquil. | 628 | ||||||
| Panguil. | 1,030 | ||||||
| Siniloan. | 1,911 | ||||||
| Mavitac. | 525 | ||||||
| Santa Maria Caboan. | 257 | ||||||
| Cavioli. | 854 | ||||||
| Majayjay. | 4,948 | ||||||
| Lilio. | 2,168 | ||||||
| Nagcarlan. | 2,557 | ||||||
| Santa Cruz. | 2,528 | ||||||
| Bay. | 668 | ||||||
| Pueblo y hacienda de Calauang. | 610 | 2 | |||||
| Pila. | 1,117 | 3 | |||||
| Los Baños. | 460 | 5 | |||||
| Calamba. | 959 | 4 | 15 | ||||
| Cabuyao. | 1,755 | 1 | 14 | ||||
| Santa Rosa. | 1,760 | 9 | |||||
| Biñan. | 2,598 | 8 | 2 | 2 | |||
| San Pedro Tunasau. | 1,112 | 2 | 1 | ||||
| Pililla. | 1,096 | ||||||
| Tanay. | 1,352 | ||||||
| Binangonan de Bay. | 1,234 | ||||||
| Moron. | 1,747 | ||||||
| Baras. | 486 | 3 | |||||
| Pueblo y hacienda de Angono. | 513 | 2 | 2 | 3 | |||
| TOTAL | 40,239 | 34 | 5 | 6 | 41 |
| Province | Pueblo | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Lacandula Families | Negro Filipino families | Chinese Filipino families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leyte | Taclovan (cabecera) y Palo. | 2,290 | 11 | |||
| Tanauan. | 2,155 | 29 | ||||
| Dulag y Abuyog. | 2,229 | 14 | ||||
| Barayuen, Haro y Alang-alang. | 864 | |||||
| Barugo y San Miguel. | 626 | |||||
| Carigara y su visita Leyte. | 2,253 | |||||
| Palompon, Ogmug y Baybay. | 826 | |||||
| Hilongos, Bato, Matalom, y Cajanguaan. | 1,231 | 2 | ||||
| Indan, Dagami, e Isla de Panamao. | 1,978 | |||||
| Islas de Biliran y Maripipi | ||||||
| Biliran, Isla de Maripipi, y Maripipi. | 538 | |||||
| Isla de Panahon y Costa Sur | ||||||
| Isla de Panahon, Ma-asin, Sogod, Cabalian, y Liloan. | 1,450 | |||||
| TOTALES | 16,244 | 56 | ||||
| Provinces | Pueblos | Native Citizens | Spanish Citizen |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marianas Islands | (Across the Province in General) | 7,555 | 160 |
| Province | Pueblo | Number of Native Families | Number of Spanish Filipino Families | Lacandula Families | Negro Filipino families | Morenos | Chinese Filipino families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindoro | Calapan (cabecera) y sus anejos Baco, Sabuan, Abra de Ilog y Dongon. | 970 | 8 | ||||
| Naujan y sus anejos Pola, Pinamalayan, Mamalay, Manaol, Bulalacao, Bongabon, Manjao, Manguirin y la Isla de Ilin. | 924 | 6 | |||||
| Isla de Marinduque | |||||||
| Santa Cruz de Napo. | 1,600 | 1 | |||||
| Boac. | 1,908 | 31 | 4 | ||||
| Gazan. | 316 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Isla de Luban | |||||||
| Luban. | 1,699 | ||||||
| TOTAL | 7,455 | 47 | 5 | ||||
| Province | Pueblo | Number of Native Families | Number of Spanish Filipino Families | Lacandula Families | Negro Filipino families | Morenos | Chinese Filipino families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Partido de Misamis | |||||||
| Misamis | Plaza y presidio de Misamis, y su anejo Loculan. | 334 | |||||
| Presidio de Iligan, con su anejo Initao. | 169 | ||||||
| Partido de Dapitan | |||||||
| Dapitan, y su visita San Lorenzo de Ilaya. | 666 | 2 | |||||
| Lobungan, y sus visitas Dipolog, Piao, Dohinog, y Dicayo. | 701 | ||||||
| Partido de Cagayan | |||||||
| Cagayan, y sus visitas Iponau, Mulingan, Agusan, Cagaloan, Lasaan, Balingasay, Salay, Quinoquitan ó Bacay, Mubijut, y la Mision de Pinangudan. | 3,177 | 1 | |||||
| Isla de Camiguin (Partido de Catarman) | |||||||
| Catarman, y sus visitas Mambujao, Guinsiliban, y Sagay. | 1,693 | 35 | |||||
| TOTAL | 6,740 | 38 | |||||
| Provinces | Pueblos | Native Families | Spanish Filipino Families | Negrito Families | Chinese Filipino Families |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Samar | Samar island, in general. | 16,671 | 174 |
| Provinces | Pueblos | Native Citizens | Spanish Filipino Soldiers | Kapampangan Soldiers | Spanish and Mexican Citizens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zamboanga | Zamboanga-province and peninsula . | 8,640 | 300 | 100 | A very large but unknown amount of the civilian population, they are mostly employed in the navy and shipping. |
Modern Census of Chinese Filipinos
These are the results of a 1800s census of Chinese-Filipinos living in the Philippine Islands, and it shows the growth of the Chinese and the Chinese mestizo population amounting to nearly 10% of the Philippine population by the year 1894.
| Race | Population (1810) | Population (1850) | Population (1894) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Malay (i.e., indigenous Filipino) | 2,395,677 | 4,725,000 | 6,768,000 |
| mestizo de sangley (i.e., Chinese mestizo) | 120,621 | 240,000 | 500,000 |
| mestizo de español (i.e., Spanish mestizo) | 7,000 (tributes) x 5 (Minimum family-size) = 35,000[35][36] | 70,000 | 140,000 |
| sangley (i.e., Unmixed Chinese) | 7,000 | 25,000 | 100,000 |
| Peninsular (i.e., Spaniard) | 4,000 | 10,000 | 35,000 |
| Total | 2,619,705 | 5,184,814 | 7,772,628 |
Meanwhile, in 2013, according to older records held by the Senate of the Philippines, there were approximately 1.35 million ethnic (or pure) Chinese within the Philippine population, while Filipinos with any Chinese descent comprised 22.8 million of the population.[34]
Modern Term and Usage
In modern times, many of the descendants of the above Filipino mestizos may technically be classified as Tornatrás, but due to the term's obsolescence in mainstream usage, most Filipino mestizo descendants would usually identify as just mestizo or even just "Filipino". In modern times, the descendants of the Filipino mestizos are still very active in the politics of the Philippines, especially controlling the bulk of the country's political families and compose a considerable part of the Philippine population especially its bourgeoisie,[49] whereas the modern Chinese Filipino community and the few remaining Spanish Filipino families both contribute major shares in the Philippine economy,[50][51][52][49] of which a majority of the Philippines' richest billionaires are either of Chinese Filipino background, such as the Sy family (SM Group, BDO, etc.), Gokongwei family (JG Summit, Robinsons, etc.), Lucio Tan & family (LT Group, Philippine Airlines (PAL), etc.), Tony Tan Caktiong & family (Jollibee Corp.), Ramon Ang & family (San Miguel Corp. (SMC)), and many more, or (less commonly) of Spanish Filipino background, such as Zobel de Ayala family (Ayala Corp.), Razon family (International Container Terminal Services, Inc. (ICTSI, Solaire, etc.), Aboitiz family (Aboitiz Equity Ventures, Aboitiz Power, etc.), Araneta family (Smart Araneta Coliseum), Lhuillier family (Cebuana Lhuillier), Ortigas family (Ortigas Center), etc.
Today, the word mestizo is shortened as tisoy just as is the word Pinoy for Filipino. It is used for all Filipinos with foreign ancestry, particularly those born in the diaspora or as children of recent immigrants.
See also
- Arab Filipino
- Filipino people of Spanish ancestry
- Demographics of the Philippines
- Ethnic groups in the Philippines
- Comparisons with other countries
- Casta (comparable caste system in Latin America)
- Indo people of Indonesia
- Amerasian
- Afro-Asian
- Multiracial
- Template:Miscegenation in Spanish colonies