Foreign relations of Madagascar

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Madagascar has diplomatic relations with many countries, both individual bilateral relations and by virtue of its membership of African and other regional blocs. International aid has been received from the IMF and the World Bank, and a national environmental plan supported by the World Bank and USAID began in 1990.

Regional relations

Madagascar historically has remained outside the mainstream of African affairs, although it is a member of the Indian Ocean Commission, the African Union, although its membership is suspended due to a coup[1], the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA), and the Non-Aligned Movement. Madagascar was admitted to the Southern African Development Community in 2004.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Madagascar maintains diplomatic relations with:

More information #, Country ...
# Country Date
1 France 25 June 1960[2]
2 India 25 June 1960[3]
3 United States 25 June 1960[4]
4 Germany 26 June 1960[5]
5 United Kingdom 27 June 1960[6]
6 Israel 1 July 1960[7]
7 Japan 5 July 1960[8]
8 Panama 20 September 1960[9]
9 Portugal 20 September 1960[10]
10 Norway 27 October 1960[11]
11 Netherlands 16 March 1961[12]
12 Italy 30 May 1961[13]
14  Switzerland 13 June 1961[14]
15 Sweden 17 August 1961[15]
14 Greece 26 September 1961[16]
16 South Korea 25 June 1962[17]
17 Pakistan 16 August 1962[18]
18 Turkey 30 January 1963[19]
19 Algeria 15 June 1964[20]
20 Belgium 15 July 1964[21]
21 Denmark 1964[22]
22 Canada 7 January 1965[23]
23 Spain 25 March 1966[24]
24 Sierra Leone 5 November 1966[25]
— Holy See 24 December 1966[26]
25 Luxembourg 13 January 1967[27]
26 Austria 1967[28]
27 Mauritius 27 August 1968[29]
28 Romania 10 September 1968[30]
29 Tunisia 12 March 1969[31]
30 Egypt 23 February 1970[32]
31 Serbia 4 June 1971[33]
32 Nigeria 24 June 1971[34]
33 Lesotho 7 December 1971[35]
34 Chile 23 December 1971[36]
35 Russia 29 September 1972[37]
36 China 6 November 1972[38]
37 North Korea 16 November 1972[39]
38 Vietnam 19 December 1972[40]
39 Tanzania 28 June 1973[41]
40 Zambia 13 September 1973[42]
41 Poland 28 November 1973[43]
42 Kuwait 6 December 1973[44]
43 Libya 9 February 1974[45]
44 Cuba 11 April 1974[46]
45 Democratic Republic of the Congo 26 July 1974[47]
46 Australia 22 August 1974[48]
47 Indonesia 13 December 1974[49]
48 Mozambique 9 August 1975[50]
49 Hungary 1 December 1975[51]
50 Mexico 26 December 1975[52]
51 Iraq 26 March 1976[53]
52 Albania 28 April 1976[54]
53 Czech Republic 5 May 1976[55]
54 Bulgaria 15 June 1976[56]
55 Comoros 12 November 1976[57]
56 Finland 1 June 1977[58]
57 Yemen 31 December 1977[58]
58 Mongolia 11 May 1979[58]
59 Laos 27 February 1980[58]
60 Zimbabwe 19 October 1981[59]
61 Iran 13 July 1983[60]
62 Nicaragua 26 October 1984[58]
63 Seychelles 12 April 1989[61]
64 Singapore 31 January 1990[62]
65 Thailand 30 November 1990[58]
— Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1990[63]
66 Kyrgyzstan 26 March 1992[64]
67 Kazakhstan 10 April 1992[65]
68 Estonia 13 April 1992[66]
69 Brunei 20 October 1992[58]
70 Azerbaijan 26 May 1993[67]
71 Belarus 28 May 1993[68]
72 Ukraine 10 June 1993[69]
73 Tajikistan 12 June 1993[70]
74 Moldova 17 June 1993[71]
75 Armenia 25 June 1993[72]
76 South Africa 27 January 1994[73]
77 Morocco 15 April 1994[74]
78 Malaysia 6 April 1995[58]
79 Colombia 15 June 1995[58]
80 Turkmenistan 1 December 1995[75]
81 Slovakia 16 February 1996[76]
82 Brazil 7 October 1996[58]
83 Cambodia 25 March 1997[58]
84 Djibouti 13 August 1999[77]
85 Argentina 20 July 2001[58]
86 Sri Lanka 27 July 2001[78]
87 Senegal 12 August 2002[79][80]
88 North Macedonia 18 October 2002[58]
89 Burkina Faso 14 October 2002[80]
90 Mali 1 August 2003[80]
91 Cape Verde 9 October 2003[80]
92 Gambia 20 July 2004[81][80]
93 Cyprus 3 March 2005[82]
94 Namibia 13 July 2005[83]
95 Botswana August 2005[84]
96 Iceland 22 September 2006[58]
97 Croatia 27 September 2006[85]
98 Slovenia 5 October 2006[58]
99 Georgia 24 May 2007[58]
100 Uruguay 29 August 2007[86]
101 Ivory Coast 29 May 2008[87]
102 Saudi Arabia 22 October 2008[88]
103 Venezuela 17 November 2008[58]
104 Republic of the Congo 17 September 2014[89]
105 Togo 24 March 2015[90]
106 Sudan 15 April 2015[91]
107 Eswatini 21 October 2015[92][93]
108 Mauritania 11 November 2015[94]
109 Niger 13 January 2016[95]
110 Oman 29 June 2016[58]
111 United Arab Emirates 22 September 2016[58]
112 Lebanon 5 May 2017[96]
113 Eritrea 12 April 2017[97]
114 Lithuania 19 September 2017[98]
115 Rwanda 17 January 2018[99]
116 Andorra 25 September 2018[58]
117 Latvia 26 September 2018[58]
118   Nepal 26 September 2018[58]
119 Bangladesh 4 March 2020[100]
120 Monaco 11 December 2020[101]
121 Malta 22 September 2021[58]
122 Qatar 24 September 2021[58]
123 Dominican Republic 23 September 2022[58]
124 Bahrain 23 September 2022[58]
125 San Marino 1 February 2023[58]
126 Ireland 6 March 2024[102]
127 Angola 8 July 2024[103]
128 Guinea-Bissau 30 July 2024[104]
129 Ghana 24 September 2024[105]
130 Burundi 26 September 2024[106]
131 Philippines 4 February 2025[107]
132 New Zealand 17 September 2025[108]
133 Equatorial Guinea 31 March 2026[109]
134 Guinea 7 April 2026[110]
135 Cameroon Unknown
136 Ethiopia Unknown
137 Kenya Unknown
138 Malawi Unknown
139 Uganda Unknown
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Bilateral relations

International agencies being present in the country allows to react quickly to emergencies such as a food crisis.[111]

Africa

More information Country, Formal Relations Began ...
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Mauritius27 August 1968See Madagascar–Mauritius relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1968[112]

  • Madagascar has an embassy in Port Louis.
  • Mauritius has an embassy in Antananarivo.
South Africa27 January 1994See Madagascar–South Africa relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 January 1994.[113] South Africa and Madagascar share maritime borders with each other.

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 29 January 1978[116]
  • Madagascar maintained diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic from 29 January 1978 to 6 April 2005.[117][118]
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Americas

More information Country, Formal Relations Began ...
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Canada7 January 1965See Canada–Madagascar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1965[119]

  • Canada is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.[120]
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Ottawa.[121]
Mexico26 December 1975[122]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.[123]
  • Mexico is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Antananarivo.[124]
United States26 June 1960[125]See Madagascar–United States relations

Relations between the United States and Madagascar date to the middle 19th century. The two countries concluded a commercial convention in 1867 and a treaty of peace, friendship, and commerce in 1881. Traditionally warm relations suffered considerably during the 1970s, when Madagascar expelled the U.S. ambassador, the USA closed a NASA tracking station, allied with the USSR, and nationalized two U.S. oil companies. In 1980, relations at the ambassadorial level were restored.

Throughout the troubled period, commercial and cultural relations remained active. In 1990, Madagascar was designated as a priority aid recipient, and assistance increased from $15 million in 1989 to $40 million in 1993. Recent U.S. assistance has contributed to a population census and family planning programs; conservation of Madagascar's remarkable biodiversity, private sector development, agriculture, democracy and governance initiatives; and media training. Madagascar became the first country with a Millennium Challenge Account compact when it signed an agreement worth $110 million in April 2006. The Ravalomanana government is especially positive about ties with the United States.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.[128][129]

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Asia

More information Country, Formal Relations Began ...
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
China6 November 1972See China-Madagascar relations

China and Madagascar established diplomatic relations on November 6, 1972.[130]

India27 June 1960See India–Madagascar relations

India has had maritime links with Madagascar for several centuries.[133] India opened a consulate general in Antananarivo in 1954. Upon Madagascar gaining independence in 1960, it was upgraded to an embassy.[133] There are about 20,000 persons of Indian origin in Madagascar, including approximately 2,500 Indian passport holders.[134]

Indonesia13 December 1974[137]See Indonesia–Madagascar relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Antananarivo.
  • Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Indonesia.
Turkey30 January 1963See Madagascar–Turkey relations
  • Madagascar is accredited to Turkey from its embassy in Rome, Italy.[138]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Antananarivo.[138]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019 (Malagasy exports/imports: 5.2/71.3 million USD).[138]
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Europe

More information Country, Formal Relations Began ...
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Cyprus
  • Cyprus is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.[139] and an honorary consulate in Antananarivo.[140]
  • Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Cyprus.
Denmark 1964[22]
  • Denmark is represented in Madagascar, through its embassy in Pretoria.[141]
  • Denmark have a consulate in Antananarivo.[141]
France25 June 1960See France–Madagascar relations

both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1960.

Germany26 June 1960See Germany–Madagascar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1960[144]

  • Germany has an embassy in Antananarivo.
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Berlin.
Greece1962Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962[145]
  • Greece is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.[146]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Rome, Italy.[146]
Russia29 September 1972See Madagascar–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1972.[147]

During the 2009 Malagasy political crisis, Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that Russia is "concerned by the increased frequency of attempts on the African continent to resort to non-constitutional methods of solving internal political problems." He went on to say that, in addition to increasing economic and social problems, the use of force is of concern and runs counter to democratic principles, whilst affirming Russia's support of the African Union's position.[148]

  • Madagascar has an embassy in Moscow.[149]
  • Russia has an embassy in Antananarivo.[150]
Serbia9 December 1969

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 1969.[151]

  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between the two countries.[152]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Serbia is accredited to Madagascar from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.
United Kingdom1960See Madagascar–United Kingdom relations
Malagasy President Hery Rajaonarimampianina with British Foreign Office Minister James Duddridge in London, November 2015.

The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 27 June 1960.[6]

  • Madagascar maintains an embassy in London.[153]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Madagascar through its embassy in Antananarivo.[154]

The UK administered Madagascar from 1942 to 1943, when Madagascar was transferred to France.

Both countries share common membership of the International Criminal Court, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization, as well as the Eastern and Southern Africa–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[155] Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[156]

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See also

References

External links

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