Four hu
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The four hu (Chinese: 四呼; pinyin: sì hū) are a traditional way of classifying syllable finals of Mandarin dialects, including Standard Chinese, based on different glides before the central vowel of the final. They are[1][2]
- kāikǒu (開口, "open mouth"), finals without a medial
- qíchǐ (齊齒, "even teeth"), finals beginning with [i]
- hékǒu (合口, "closed mouth"), finals beginning with [u]
- cuōkǒu (撮口, "round mouth"), finals beginning with [y]
The terms kāikǒu and hékǒu come from the Song dynasty rime tables describing Middle Chinese.[3] The Qing phonologist Pan Lei divided each of these categories in two based on the absence or presence of palatalization, and named the two new categories.[4]
This traditional classification is reflected in the bopomofo notation for the finals, but less directly in the pinyin:[a]
| Kāikǒu | Qíchǐ | Hékǒu | Cuōkǒu | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | |||
| a | ㄚ | a | ia | ㄧㄚ | ia | ua | ㄨㄚ | ua | ||||||
| ɤ | ㄜ | e | ie | ㄧㄝ | ie | uo | ㄨㄛ | uo[b] | ye | ㄩㄝ | üe[c] | |||
| ɨ | ㄭ | -i | i | ㄧ | i | u | ㄨ | u | y | ㄩ | ü[c] | |||
| ai | ㄞ | ai | uai | ㄨㄞ | uai | |||||||||
| ei | ㄟ | ei | uei | ㄨㄟ | wei/-ui | |||||||||
| au | ㄠ | ao | iau | ㄧㄠ | iao | |||||||||
| ou | ㄡ | ou | iou | ㄧㄡ | you/-iu | |||||||||
| an | ㄢ | an | iɛn | ㄧㄢ | ian | uan | ㄨㄢ | uan | yɛn | ㄩㄢ | üan[c] | |||
| ən | ㄣ | en | in | ㄧㄣ | in | uən | ㄨㄣ | wen/-un | yn | ㄩㄣ | ün[c] | |||
| aŋ | ㄤ | ang | iaŋ | ㄧㄤ | iang | uaŋ | ㄨㄤ | uang | ||||||
| əŋ | ㄥ | eng | iŋ | ㄧㄥ | ing | uəŋ, ʊŋ | ㄨㄥ | weng/-ong | iʊŋ | ㄩㄥ | iong | |||
| aɚ | ㄦ | er | ||||||||||||