Fuxian Lake
Lake in Yunnan, China
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fuxian Lake (Chinese: 抚仙湖; pinyin: Fǔxiān Hú) is a body of water in Yunnan Province, China. It stretches through Chengjiang, Jiangchuan and Huaning Counties, spanning an area of 212 square kilometers. It is the third-largest lake in Yunnan, after Dian Lake and Erhai Lake, and the deepest, at 155 meters. It is the third-deepest fresh water lake in China, after Tianchi and Kanas Lake.[1] The 1m vacuum solar telescope of the Yunnan Astronomical Observatory is located on a shore of the lake.
| Fuxian Lake | |
|---|---|
Fuxian Lake and Luchong Scenic Resort | |
  Fuxian Lake | |
| Location | Yunnan Province |
| Coordinates | 24°30′08″N 102°53′20″E |
| Primary inflows | Liangwang River, Dongda River, Jianshan River |
| Primary outflows | Haikou River |
| Basin countries | China |
| Max. length | 31.5 km (20 mi) |
| Max. width | 11.5 km (7 mi) |
| Surface area | 211 km2 (100 sq mi) |
| Average depth | 89.6 m (294 ft) |
| Max. depth | 155 m (509 ft) |
| Water volume | 18,900×106 m3 (670×109 cu ft) |
| Surface elevation | 1,721 m (5,646 ft) |
| Islands | Gushan |
| Settlements | Chengjiang |
| References | [1] |
Climate
Fuxian Lake has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen climate classification Cwb) with humid summers and mild dry winters.[2]
| Climate data for Fuxian Lake | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.1 (77.2) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.9 (78.6) |
24.6 (76.3) |
21.2 (70.2) |
18.7 (65.7) |
16.7 (62.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.3 (50.5) |
12.1 (53.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
18.6 (65.5) |
21.0 (69.8) |
22.3 (72.1) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.6 (70.9) |
20.2 (68.4) |
17.0 (62.6) |
13.7 (56.7) |
10.8 (51.4) |
17.1 (62.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
5.5 (41.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
12.2 (54.0) |
15.7 (60.3) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
15.9 (60.6) |
12.8 (55.0) |
8.8 (47.8) |
4.8 (40.6) |
11.8 (53.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 12 (0.5) |
17 (0.7) |
19 (0.7) |
27 (1.1) |
93 (3.7) |
165 (6.5) |
200 (7.9) |
195 (7.7) |
113 (4.4) |
78 (3.1) |
41 (1.6) |
14 (0.6) |
974 (38.5) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org | |||||||||||||
Flora and fauna
Fuxian Lake is known for its unique fauna, including many endemic species. However, its relative isolation makes it vulnerable to biological invasions and pollution.[3][4]
Together with other Yunnan lakes (Dian, Qilu, Yangzong, Xingyun, and Yilong), Fuxian is recognized as an ecoregion.[5] It is one of three major lakes in the province with a high number of endemic species, the others being Dian (Dianchi) and Erhai.[6] There are 24 native fish species and subspecies in Fuxian Lake, including 11 endemics.[6] The situation for most of these is precarious: besides being threatened by the introduction of 26 species of exotic fish, they have also fallen victim to habitat degradation, water pollution, and overfishing.[6][7] The endemic fish are all cyprinids or stone loaches.[6]
| Species | IUCN assessment | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Poropuntius chonglingchungi | Critically endangered[8] | Possibly extinct (last seen in the 1990s)[6] |
| Cyprinus fuxianensis | Critically endangered[9] | Possibly extinct (last seen in the 1990s)[6] |
| Schizothorax lepidothorax | Endangered[10] | Possibly extinct (last seen in the 1990s)[6] |
| Sinocyclocheilus tingi | Endangered[11] | Still survives, but strong decline[11] |
| Tor yunnanensis | Endangered[12] | Possibly extinct (last seen in the 1990s)[12] |
| Anabarilius grahami | Vulnerable[13] | Still survives, but nearing extinction[4] |
| Discogobio longibarbatus | Not assessed | Possibly extinct (last seen in the 1990s)[6] |
| Percocypris regani | Not assessed | Still survives.[6] Recent evidence suggests it should be considered a species (Percocypris regani) instead of a subspecies (Percocypris pingi regani)[14] |
| Triplophysa fuxianensis | Not assessed | Still survives[6] |
| Yunnanilus chui | Not assessed | Possibly extinct (last seen in the 1990s)[6] |
| Yunnanilus obtusirostris | Not assessed | Possibly extinct (last seen in the 1990s)[6] |
The extinction of endemic fish species, together with some native hydrophytes, accelerated in the first decade of the 21st century.[6]
The fungus Dyrithiopsis lakefuxianensis, growing on submerged wood, has been collected from Fuxian Lake and described as a newly discovered species, as indicated by its scientific name.[15] The prehistoric Fuxianhuia from the early-Cambrian, significant in discussions of early arthropod evolution, is also named after the lake, where it was discovered in 1987.
Lost city
In 2001 People's Daily reported that earthenware and stonework covering an area of approximately 2.4–2.7 square kilometers had been discovered beneath the lake. It is speculated that the settlement slid into the lake during an earthquake. Yunnan Museum archaeologist Zhang Zengqi linked the ruins with a city called Yunyuan that once stood by the side of the lake,[16] but this theory has been overturned by later analysis.[17]
In 2006, China Central Television made an additional survey. Carbon dating in 2007 found shells attached to relics to be roughly 1,750 years old. In October 2014 additional research was made on the site by a multidisciplinary team. Portions were mapped and 42 handmade stone artifacts were recovered from a depth of seven meters.[18][19]
