Gambang kromong

Nie Hoe Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen, a musician and Dutch-appointed leader of the Chinese community in mid-18th-century Batavia, is considered one of the early figures who developed the Gambang kromong.^[1]

In its first appearance in Batavia, the orchestra was called gambang. Later in the beginning of the 20th century, they began to use additional instruments, the bonang or kromong, so it is called gambang kromong. During that period, almost every part of Batavia had a gambang kromong orchestra.^[1]

Gambang Kromong reached its peak of popularity around 1937. One of the popular groups was Gambang Kromong Ngo Hong Lao, whose players were all ethnic Chinese people. The instruments used in the orchestral group were considered to be the most extensive. For the wealthy Chinese, it was a custom to liven up a party by calling a gambang kromong orchestra, usually accompanying a song. Gambang kromong was also performed during the Cap Go Meh festival, sometimes with plays.^[1]

Gambang kromong used the Chinese pentatonic scale instead of the local slendro tuning system typically used by Javanese, Sundanese, or Balinese gamelans. The set appears in the xylophone-like instrument gambang, used in the orchestra.^[1]

In addition to accompanying songs, Gambang Kromong usually accompanies social dances such as the Cokek dance, a newly created performance dance as well as in Lenong theatre.^[1]