Gang of Four (Pakistan)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Gang of Four was a quantified and common colloquial implicit term for an influential set of four military/bureaucratic officials across varying governments in Pakistan's political history.
It was first related to the military-bureaucratic nexus that arose during the first decade of Pakistan's existence, which succeeded in harnessing power at the cost of the country's fledgling parliamentary tradition.[1] The Gang of Four included:
- Ghulam Muhammad, Governor-General of Pakistan
- Iskander Mirza, interior minister and future President of Pakistan
- Ayub Khan, commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army
- Chaudhri Muhammad Ali, Finance Minister and future Prime Minister of Pakistan
1980s
The same grouping was used for the top generals of the Zia-ul-Haq regime in the 1980s.[2][3] Most were from or linked to Jalandhar in pre-partition India:
- General Zia-ul-Haq
- General Akhtar Abdur Rahman
- General Khalid Mahmud Arif
- General Zahid Ali Akbar Khan
The term was popularized by Benazir Bhutto (1953–2007) in 1980s in political science sphere of Pakistan.
1990s
In 1999, the term was again used by military authors of Kargil War, implicating mastermind of Kargil misadventure and staging military coup d'état against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1999. The term used to relate General Pervez Musharraf's four generals who staged the coup:
- General Ehsan ul Haq
- General Aziz Khan
- General Mahmud Ahmed
- General Shahid Aziz
Notes
- ↑ Hussain, Mushahid; Hussain, Akmal (1993). Pakistan: Problems of Governance. Vanguard Books.
- ↑ Dutt, Sanjay (2000). Inside Pakistan : 52 years outlook. New Delhi: APH Pub. Corp. ISBN 8176481572.
- ↑ Akbar, M.K. (1998). Pakistan today (1st ed.). New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 208. ISBN 8170997003.
| Leadership |
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Services |
| ||||
| Paramilitary | |||||
| Personnel |
| ||||
| Business interests |
| ||||
| Criticism | |||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
 | This article about the military of Pakistan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
 | This article about the history of political thought is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |