Geography of Veliko Tarnovo
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Veliko Tarnovo is located in Central Northern Bulgaria, in the central pre-Balkan and in the catchment area of the Yantra River.
The main roads pass through the town, connecting the Western Balkans with the Black Sea and Central Europe with the Middle East.[1]
Urban area
Relief
The relief of the city is highly have a medium degree of roughness (RR from 5 to 40‰). To the east, the town is surrounded by the Tarnovo Heights, to the west by Kalakaya and Salamatya, to the south by the Debeli Bair, the Big and Small Duvar, Patryal Dyal, to the north by Orlovets and Kartala. The average altitude is 220 meters. Highest points: Garga Bair (373 m.), Kartala (359 m.), The Small Duvar (351 m.), Patryl share (350 m.). There are three caves over 5 meters deep around the city – two in the Tarnovo Heights and some of the Kartala.
Geology
The geological structure is made up of: To the south, Coneyas – mastite (terrigenous-carbonate rocks), santon – mastrite (terrigeno-carbonate rocks), zenoman Middle Turon, Upper-Aryah Formation (marls and clay marls with interbeds of sandstones, sandstones), sand marbles, Krivnen Formation in places sandstone, Seshev Formation – siltstones and often glauconites.[3]
Rocks
The most rock formations in the city are in the Monsonsites: Garga Bair, Kartala, and other parts of the Tarnovo Hills. The rocks most often are: granite, limestone, montmorillonite (bentonite) clay rocks.[4]
Climate
The climate is temperate continental – summer temperatures average – 21.8 °C and absolute maximum 41.1 °C / and average January temperature −0.6 °C and absolute minimum – 28.1 °C /. The western, northwest and northeast winds oriented along river valleys predominate. The average wind speed is about 1.3 m / s. The average annual rainfall is 680 mm. Snow cover is an average of 60 days a year. The average humidity is 49%. The lowest average annual temperature is in 1991 – 9.34 degrees Celsius, and the highest in 2002 is 11.73 degrees Celsius. Most precipitation is 2005. – 1,056.0 mm. and at least 1985 – 531.6 mm.[5]