Giant birefringence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
When values of birefringence are very high, the property is termed giant birefringence which more generically is called giant optical anisotropy. Values for giant birefringence exceed 0.3. Much bigger numbers (over 2.0) are termed "colossal birefringence" which are achieved using nanostructures.[1]
Some oxides, for example borate or iodate can have high birefringence. Also compounds containing C=O bonds have higher levels. These include oxalates, squarates and cyanurates. One trade-off is with band gap. If the band gap is small, then the material is not transparent to visible light, but can be transparent for infrared. Chalgogenides may have high birefringence, but only in the infrared. Halide perovskites such as CsPbBrxCl3−x have fairly high birefringence that varies significantly in the optical spectrum.[2]
Polar organic π-conjugated molecules can have a strong response to electric fields and also form flat molecules that can stack to form anisotropic crystals with high birefringence.[3]
Some transition metal oxyhalides: MoOCl4, WOCl4, have birefringence in the giant category and MoO2Br2, WOBr4, NbOBr2, and NbOI2 are predicted to have birefringence over 0.6 at 1065 nm.[4]
Applications of materials with high birefringence include beam splitters, waveplates, optical circulators, and in some nonlinear optics systems.[3]
List
| substance | formula | birefringence | band
gap eV |
comment | reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| copper indium thiophosphate | CuInP2S6 | 0.3@647 nm
0.5@280 nm |
2.8 | pyroelectric | [5] |
| 4-aminopyridinium difluoroiodate | (C5N2H7)IO2F2 | 0.30 @ 550 nm | 4.06 | [6] | |
| H2biim = 2,2′-biimidazole; 2,2′-biimidazolium bromide tribromogermanate(II) | (H4biimBr)GeBr3 | 0.302@546 | [7] | ||
| bis(1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium) hexabromotellurate | (C12H9N2)2TeBr6 | 0.31@546 nm | [8] | ||
| isoquinolinium-3-carboxylic acid chloride | [C10H8NO2]Cl | 0.31@550 nm | [9] | ||
| Rb2Sn2F5Cl | 0.31@532 nm | [10] | |||
| melaminium methylsulfonate hdyrate | (C3N6H7)SO3CH3·H2O | 0.31@546 | UV edge 233 nm | [11] | |
| dipotassium trithiocyanurate sesqihydrate | K2HC3N3S3·1.5H2O | 0.31@550 nm | [12] | ||
| potassium 3-pyridinesulfonate | K(3-C5H4NSO3) | 0.312@546 | 4.26 | UV edge 275 nm | [13] |
| guanidinium hydrogen squarate | C(NH2)3(HC4O4) | 0.313@546 nm | [14] | ||
| NbSe2I2 | 0.313 | [15] | |||
| 2,7-diazapyrene:1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3,6-diiodobenzene | 0.316@546 nm | 3.00 | blue edge 414 nm | [16] | |
| LiBF2C2O4 | 0.317@546 nm | [17] | |||
| CN4H7)H2C3N3S3 | 0.319@546.1 nm | UV edge 336 nm | [18] | ||
| barium cyanurate | Ba3(C3N3O3)2 | 0.32@800 nm | [19] | ||
| pentazinc dicyanurate tetrahydroxide | Zn5(OH)4(C3N3O3)2 | 0.32@400 nm | [20] | ||
| magnesium tetrazinc dicyanurate tetrahydroxide | MgZn4(OH)4(C3N3O3)2 | 0.32@400 nm | [20] | ||
| pyridinium antimony oxalate difluoride hydrate | [C(NH2)3]Sb(C2O4)F2·H2O | 0.323@546 nm | [21] | ||
| Cs2Sb2(C2O4)2-F4·H2O | 0.325@546 nm | [22] | |||
| 3-bromoquinolinium bromide | C9H7NBrBr | 0.328@546 nm | [23] | ||
| potassium cadmium tricyanate | K[Cd(NCO)3] | 0.329@546 nm | UV edge 228 nm | [24] | |
| melaminium chloride hemihydrate | β-(C3H7N6)2Cl2·H2O | 0.33@550 nm | [25] | ||
| isoquinolinium-3-carboxylic acid nitrate | [C10H8NO2]NO3 | 0.33@550 nm | [9] | ||
| methylguanidine nitrite | [C2N3H8]NO2 | 0.331@546 | [26] | ||
| magnesium pyridine dicarboxylate octahydrate | [Mg(H2O)6][(C7H4NO4)·H2O]2 | 0.34@546 | [27] | ||
| zinc disulfosalicylate octahydrate | (C7H5O6S)2Zn(H2O)6·2H2O | 0.34@546 | [28] | ||
| melaminium sulfamate | C3N6H7SO3NH2 | 0.340@546 nm | UV edge 206 nm | [29] | |
| 1,3-diazapyrene:1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3,6-diiodobenzene | 0.340@546 nm | [16] | |||
| isoquinolinium-1-carboxylic acid chloride | C10H10ClNO3 | 0.345@550 nm | [30] | ||
| lithium 3-pyridinesulfonate | 0.345@546 nm | [31] | |||
| (C2N5H8)3(H2C3N3S3)(HC3N3S3)·H2O | 0.347@550 nm | [32] | |||
| scandium diiodate nitrate | Sc(IO3)2(NO3) | 0.348 at 546 nm | [33] | ||
| potassium indium tetra(iso-cyamelurate) octadecahydrate | K0.5In0.5(H2C6N7O3)2·9H2O | 0.35@1064 nm | 4.05 | [34] | |
| calcium squarate | CaC4O4 | 0.35@1064 | [35] | ||
| tristrontium dicyanurate | β-Sr3(C3N3O3) | 0.35 | [35] | ||
| Hg4InS2Cl5 | 0.35@546 nm | 3.10 | [36] | ||
| protonated 3,5-dipicolinic acid iodate | C7H4NO4(IO3) | 0.35@546 nm | 4.12 | SHG 3.6 × KDP | [37] |
| RbHg5Br11 | 0.35@546 nm | 3.73 | [38] | ||
| potassium indium tetraiso-cyamelurate : octadecahydrate | K0.5In0.5(H2C6N7O3)2·9H2O | 0.35@1064 nm | 4.05 | [39] | |
| potassium tetraiodatoiodate(III) iodate(V) | K2[IIII(IVO3)4]IVO3 | 0.358@543 nm | SHG 21.6 × KDP at 1.064 μm; UV edge 370 nm | [40] | |
| 4-cyanopyridinium mercury trichloride | (C6H5N2)HgCl3 | 0.36 at 546 nm | SHG 3.04 × KDP at 1.064 μm | [41][42] | |
| isoquinolinium-1-carboxylic acid bromide | C10H8BrNO2 | 0.36@550 nm | [43] | ||
| sodium tricyanomethanide | NaC(CN)3 | 0.36@550 nm | 3.88 | triclinic; density 1.526 | [44] |
| cerium difluoride sulfate | CeF2(SO4) | 0.361 | [45] | ||
| lithium nitrate monohydrate : 4-hydroxypyridine | 0.362@546 nm | [46] | |||
| CdCl2(4-Aminopyridine)2 | 0.368 @ 546 nm | 4.26 | SHG 5 × KDP | [47] | |
| Na4Ba3(S2)4S3 | 0.37 at 1064 nm | [48] | |||
| 1,4-dimethylpiperazinium cadmium trithiocyanate | (C6N2H15)Cd(SCN)3 | 0.37@550 | stable be;ow 519K | [49] | |
| melaminium tetrafluoroborate hydrate | (C3N6H7)BF4·H2O | 0.37@546 | UV edge 244 nm | [11] | |
| Zn(C6H4NO2)2·4H2O | 0.37@550 | UV edge 274 nm | [50] | ||
| guanidinium hydrogen oxalate hydrate | [C(NH2)3]HC2O4·H2O | 0.371@532 nm | [51] | ||
| urea nitrate | C(OH)(NH2)2NO3 | 0.372@546 nm | [52] | ||
| magnesium nitrate hexahydrate:4-hydroxypyridine | [Mg(NO3)2·6H2O]·(4HP)2 | 0.376@532 nm | [46] | ||
| 4-aminopyridinium zinc hydrogenphosphite dichloride | (C5H7N2)[Zn(H2PO3)Cl2] | 0.378@546 nm | space group Pccn | [53] | |
| trifluoromethyl(melamine sulfonate) | C3N6H7SO3CF3 | 0.38@532 nm | [54] | ||
| melaminium fluoride hydrate | (C3H7N6)F·H2O | 0.38@550 nm | [25] | ||
| ammonium antimony oxalate difluoride hydrate | NH4Sb(C2O4)F2·H2O | 0.381@546 | [55] | ||
| cadmium diiodide:nicotinic acid 1:2 | Cd(C6H5NO2)2I2 | 0.388@550 nm | 3.94 | UV edge 284 nm | [56] |
| AgHg3I3.2Cl1.8(SO4) | 0.39@546 nm | SHG 11.8 × KH2PO4@ 1064 nm | [57] | ||
| (C7H10N)3Bi2I9·I2 | 0.39@589 nm | [58] | |||
| Cs2Pb4Br10 | 0.392 @ 550 nm | [59] | |||
| 4,9-diazapyrene:1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene | 0.394@546 | 2.92 | blue edge 425 nm | [16] | |
| sodium 5-hydroxy-2-pyridinecarboxylate hemihydrate | Na2(C6H4NO3)2·H2O | 0.394@546 | SHG 6.2 × KDP; UV cutoff 282 nm | [60] | |
| bis(3-bromoquinolinium) hexafluorosilicate | (C9H7BrN)2SiF6 | 0.398@550 nm | [61] | ||
| RbNH4(H2C3N3O3)2·2H2O | 0.40 @ 1064 nm | 5.24 | [62] | ||
| diantimony difluoride bis(pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate) dihydrate | (C7H3NO4)2Sb2F2·2H2O | 0.40@550 nm | [63] | ||
| bis(2-amino-5-nitropyridine)zinc dichloride | (C5H5N3O2)2ZnCl2 | 0.40 @514 nm | 2.9 | NLO χ(3) = 4.442 × 10–9 esu; transparent 415–1400 nm; stable < 260°; | [64] |
| rubidium 2-amino-4,6-dimercapto-S-triazine hemihydrate | Rb2(H2C3N4S2)2•H2O | 0.400@546 | UV edge 318 nm | [65] | |
| 3-bromoquinolinium nitrate | C9H7NBrNO3 | 0.401 @546 nm | [23] | ||
| dipotasium hydrogen trithiocyanate hemihydrate | K4(HC3N3S3)2·H2O | 0.402 @550 nm | [66] | ||
| biuret:cyanuric acid:water | [H5C2N3O2][H3C3N3O3]·0.43H2O | 0.403@546 nm | UV edge 208 nm | [67] | |
| (C2N5H8)(H2C3N3S3)·H2O | 0.403@550 nm | [32] | |||
| K1.03(NH4)0.97(I5O12)(IO3) | 0.405 @546 nm | SHG 19.5 × KDP @1064 nm | [68] | ||
| LCHCY hydroisocyanurate | Li2Ca(H2C3N3O3)4·6H2O | 0.407@800 nm | [69] | ||
| 4,9-diazapyrene:1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene | 0.407@546 | 2.63 | vis edge 471 nm | [16] | |
| Na2Sn2F5I | 0.408@546 | Space group P21/c | [70] | ||
| isoquinolinium-1-carboxylic acid bromide water | C10H8BrNO2·H2O | 0.41@550 nm | [43] | ||
| 1,3-diazapyrene:1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene | 0.411@546 | 3.01 | blue edge 411 nm | [16] | |
| guanylurea formate | [C2N4H7O]COOH | 0.413@546 nm | [26] | ||
| ammonium 2-amino-4,6-dimercapto-S-triazine hemihydrate | (NH4)2(H2C3N4S2)2•H2O | 0.413@546 nm | 3.65 | UV edge 313 nm; Space group P21/n (birefrince could be as high as 0.510) | [65] |
| potassium 2-amino-4,6-dimercapto-S-triazine hemihydrate | K2(H2C3N4S2)2•H2O | 0.416@546 nm | UV edge 317 nm | [65] | |
| 4, 5-dichocyanimidazole | C5N4H2 | 0.417@546 nm | [71] | ||
| guanidinium dihydrogen cyanurate | C(NH2)3(H2C3N3O3) | 0.419@400 nm | UV cutoff 238 nm | [72] | |
| melamine | (C6N10H8)Pb2Br6 | 0.42 at 550 nm | [41][73] | ||
| benzoguanaminium chloride hydrate | (C9H10N5)Cl·H2O, | 0.42 at 550 nm | [74] | ||
| caesium 2-amino-4,6-dimercapto-S-triazine hemihydrate | Cs2(H2C3N4S2)2•H2O | 0.421@546 nm | UV edge 317 nm | [65] | |
| pyrazine:oxalic acid | (C4N2H4)(H2C2O4) | 0.422 at 550 nm | [75] | ||
| guanidinium molybdenyl iodate | C(NH2)2MoO3IO3 | 0.426@546 nm | 3.33 | [76] | |
| (NH4)2(I5O12)(IO3) | 0.431 @546 nm | SHG 16 × KDP @1064 nm | [68] | ||
| melaminium tetrafluoroborate | (C3N6H7)BF4 | 0.44@546 nm | [77] | ||
| melaminium tetrafluorohydroxytriborate | [C3N6H7]2[B3O3F4(OH)] | 0.440@546 | UV edge 240 nm | [78] | |
| magnesium pyridine dicarboxylatedihydrate | Mg(C7H3NO4)(H2O)2 | 0.440@546 | [27] | ||
| 4-hydroxypyridine:4-hydroxypyridinium 3-pyridinesulfonate | [(4-HP)(4-H2P)][3-pySO3] | 0.443 @546 nm | [79] | ||
| HgI2HgII(Te2O4)2(HPO4)2 | 0.444 @546 nm | [80] | |||
| tripotassium cyamelurate dihydrate | K3C6N7O3·2H2O | 0.446@1064 nm | [81] | ||
| potassium terephthalate | K2C8H4O4 | 0.45@546 nm | stable to 580°C | [82] | |
| nicotinamide sulfamate | (C6H7N2O)(NH2SO3) | 0.452@535 nm | UV edge 274 nm | [83] | |
| [H2C6N7(NH2)3]SO4·2H2O | 0.46@550 | [84] | |||
| 2,7-diazapyrene:1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene | 0.464@546 nm | 2.89 | blue edge 429 nm | [16] | |
| Al4(P2S6)3 | 0.47 @ 2050 nm | [85] | |||
| 2-bromo-pyridinium-4-boronic acid nitrate | [HPyBrB(OH)2]·(NO3) | 0.477@546 nm | [86] | ||
| bis(4-hydroxypyridine)zinc sulfate monohydrate | (C5H5NO)2ZnSO4·H2O | 0.48@546 nm | [87] | ||
| bis(4-hydroxypyridine)zinc chloride | (p-C5H5NO)2ZnCl2 | 0.482@546 nm | [88] | ||
| disodium (deprotonated 5-hydroxy-2-pyridinecarboxylate) hydrate | Na2(C6H3NO3)·H2O | 0.487@546 nm | UV edge 321 nm; SHG 14.0 × KDP | [89] | |
| 3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid | 0.49@546 nm | [90] | |||
| benzoguanaminium bromide | (C9H10N5)Br | 0.49@550 nm | [74] | ||
| phenyl thiourea mercury dichloride | (C7H8N2S)HgCl2 | 0.49@546 | 3.23 | UV edge 328 nm | [91] |
| bis-(3-cyanoquinolinium)hexachlorostannate | (C10H9N2O)2SnCl6 | 0.50 at 550nm | [41][92] | ||
| Amidinothiourea tetrafluoroborate | (C2N4H7S)BF4 | 0.500 at 546 nm | [93] | ||
| 4-cyanopyridnium hexafluorosilicate | (C6H5N2)2SiF6 | 0.505@546 nm | [94] | ||
| 4-aminopyridinium barbiturate | [C5H7N2]+[C4H3N2O3]− | 0.507 at 546 nm | [41] | ||
| 9-acridiniumcarboxylic acid bromide | C14H10BrNO2 | 0.507 at 550 nm | [95] | ||
| dipotassium cadmium tetracyanate | K2[Cd(NCO)4] | 0.511@546 nm | UV edge 229 nm | [24] | |
| sodium hydrogen squarate hydrate | NaHC4O4·H2O | 0.52 at 1064 nm | [96] | ||
| Sr4(VO4)2S3 | 0.52@550 nm | [97] | |||
| HgB2S4 | 0.52 at 1064 nm | [98] | |||
| tricaesium tricyanomelaminate hydrate | Cs3C6N9•H2O | 0.52@550 nm | [99] | ||
| lithium nitrate monohydrate : 4-hydroxypyridine 1:2 | 0.522@546 nm | [46] | |||
| dipotassium mercuric tetracyanate | K2[Hg(NCO)4] | 0.524@546 | UV edge 253 nm | [24] | |
| Pyrazinamide iodine monobromide | C5H5N3OIBr | 0.524@546 | 2.32 | [100] | |
| molybdenum(VI) pyrotellurite hydrate | Mo(H2O)Te2O7 | 0.528@546 nm | UV edge 366 nm; SHG 5.4 × KDP | [101] | |
| Ba2La2Sb4S10(S2) | 0.53 at 1064 nm | 1.86 | [102] | ||
| 2-chloro-pyridinium-4-boronic acid nitrate | [HPyClB(OH)2]·(NO3) | 0.533@546 nm | [86] | ||
| sodium terephthalate | Na2C8H4O4 | 0.54@546 nm | stable to 580°C | [82] | |
| Hg4(Te2O5)(SO4) | 0.542@546 nm | [103] | |||
| caesium [4,6-Bis(cyanoamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]iminomethylideneazanide | CsH2C6N9⋅H2O | 0.55@550 nm | [104] | ||
| barium dithioselenotellurite | BaTeSeS2 | 0.55@550 nm | Optical edge 500-25,000 nm | [105] | |
| 6-iodoquinazolinium nitrate | C8H6IN3O4 | 0.55@550 nm | [106] | ||
| aminoguanidine trithiocyanurate | (CH7N4)(H2C3N3S3) | 0.558@546 | [107] | ||
| CrSbSe3 | 0.56 at 650 nm | [108] | |||
| formamidinium hydrogensquarate | (CH5N2)+(HC4O4)− | 0.568@546 nm | 3.44 | [109] | |
| benzoguanaminium tetrafluoroborate hydrate | (C9H10N5)BF4·H2O | 0.57 at 550 nm | [74] | ||
| Cs2S6 | 0.58@1064 nm | [48] | |||
| trithiocyanurate | Cs2Mg(H2C3N3S3)4·8H2O | 0.58@800 nm | UV cutoff 374 nm | [72] | |
| ZrTe5 | 0.58 @ 942 nm | [110] | |||
| 2,2'-bipyrdinium hexafluorosilicate | (C10H10N2)SiF6 | 0.583@546 | [94] | ||
| bis[dimethylammonium] dichlorohypoiodite chloride | [HDMA]2[ICl2]·Cl | 0.585@546 nm | [111] | ||
| 4-hydroxypyridinium nitrate | (C5H6ON)+(NO3)− | 0.593 at 546 nm | SHG 9.55 × KDP; space group P21/c | [41][112][113] | |
| cadmium dicyanurate octahydrate | Cd(H2C6N7O3)2·8H2O | 0.60 @ 550 nm | [114] | ||
| Rb3[C6N7(NCN)3]·3H2O | >0.60 @ 546 | SHG 9×KDP | [115] | ||
| Cs3[C6N7(NCN)3]·3H2O | >0.60 @ 546 | SHG 9×KDP | [115] | ||
| diberyllium dihydroxide pyridine-2,5-carboxylate dihydrate | [Be2(μ-OH)2(C7H3NO4)(H2O)]·H2O | 0.6@270nm | 4.75 | UV edge 261 nm | [116] |
| tripotassium hydronium tetrathiocyanurate tetrahydrate | K3(H2C3N3S3)4(H3O)·4H2O | 0.604@546 nm | [107] | ||
| melem phosphate | C6N7(NH2)3·H3PO4 | 0.609@1064 | SHG × 8.9 KDP | [117] | |
| 4, 5-dichocyanimidazole hydrate | C5N4H2·H2O | 0.618@546 nm | [71] | ||
| strontium thiocyanurate undecahydrate | Sr(H2C3N3S3)2·11H2O | 0.627@546 nm | [107] | ||
| 4-dimethylaminopyridinium 4,5-dicyanoimidazolide monohydrate | [(C7N2H11)+(C5N4H)−]·H2O | 0.629@546 nm | 3.79 | [118] | |
| 2,5,8-triamino-s-heptazine 2,4-guanidino-6-amino-1,3,5-triazine lead nonaiodide | (C6N10H6)2(C5N10H10)2PbI9 | 0.64@546 nm | 3.38 | trigonal; UV edge 367 nm | [119] |
| Ba2HgTe5 | 0.643@2090 nm | 1.28 | [120] | ||
| 4-aminopyridinium dichlorohypoiodite | [H-4AP][ICl2] | 0.647@546 nm | [111] | ||
| mercury hexathiodiphosphate | Hg2P2S6 | 0.65@546 nm,
0.50 @ 1064 nm, 0.48 @2050 nm |
[85] | ||
| phenazine lead trichloride | 0.65@546 nm | ||||
| Ba6Sb6O2S13 | 0.66 at 2050 nm | black; thermal conductivity of 0.25 W m−1 K−1 at 700 K | [121] | ||
| Sn2PO4I | 0.664@546 nm | [122] | |||
| 2-amino-5-chloropyridinium dichloroiodate(V) | (C5H6N2Cl)(IO2Cl2) | 0.67@546 | 3.38 | [123] | |
| 5-Iodocytosine:protonated 5-Iodocytosine:dichorohypoiodate | (C4H4.5N3OI)(ICl2)0.5 | 0.675@546 nm | [124] | ||
| Na2BP2 | 0.68 | [35] | |||
| 3,5-diiodopyridine-4-carboxylic acid with iodine | 3,5-I2Py-COOI | 0.69 | [90] | ||
| Barium thiocyanurate 4.5 hydrate | Ba(H2C3N3S3)2·4.5H2O | 0.692@546 nm | [107] | ||
| hexagonal boron nitride | h-BN | 0.7 | [125] | ||
| BaTiSe3 | 0.7 | [126] | |||
| zinc dichloride:1,10-phenanthroline | (C12H8N2)ZnCl2 | 0.70@546 nm | UV edge 368 nm; stable up to 431 °C | [127] | |
| protonated 5-Iodocytosine triichorodiiodate dihydrate | (C4H5N3OI)I2Cl3·2H2O | 0.712@546 nm | [124] | ||
| CsICl2 | 0.719 @1064 nm | UV edge 367 nm | [128] | ||
| protonated 5-Iodocytosine dichorohypoiodatee hydrate | (C4H5N3OI)ICl2·H2O | 0.746@546 nm | [124] | ||
| BaTiS3 | 0.76 | [126][129] | |||
| 2,7-bis(2-phosphonomethyl)-1,3,6,8-tetraoxo-2,7-diazapyrene : water (HOFBC-1) | 0.763@546 nm | [130] | |||
| iodine nicotinate | I+(C6H4NO2)− | 0.778@550 nm | [131] | ||
| bis[dimethylammonium] dibromohypoiodite bromide | [HDMA]2[IBr2]·Br | 0.782@546 nm | [111] | ||
| Ortho phenanthroline antimony trifluoride | (C12H8N2)SbF3 | 0.79@546 nm | density 2.065 | [132] | |
| bis(isoquinolinium-3-carboxylic acid) hexafluorosilicate dihydrate | [C10H8NO2]2SiF6·2H2O | 0.79@550 nm | UV edge 354 nm | [9] | |
| bis(protonated 1,10‒phenanthroline) tetrachlorozincate:ethylene glycol | (C12H8N2H)2ZnCl4·C2H6O2 | 0.80@546 nm | [133] | ||
| [(1,3,6,8-tetraoxo-1,3,6,8-tetrahydrobenzo[lmn][3,8]phenanthroline-2,7-diyl)bis(methylene)]bis(phosphonic acid) | 0.800@546 nm | [130] | |||
| disodium bis-(4-hydroxypyridinium) 1,3,6,8-pyreneterasulfonate monohydrate | Na2(4-HPyH)2(PTS)·H2O | 0.811@546 | [134] | ||
| (C5H7N2)I·I3 | 0.829@1064 nm | [135] | |||
| 4-aminopyridinium dibromohypoiodite | [H-4AP][IBr2] | 0.836@546 nm | [111] | ||
| 1,3-diazapyrene:1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene | 0.836@546 nm | 2.68 | blue edge 463 nm | [16] | |
| diprotonated 1,10‒phenanthroline tetrachlorozincate | (C12H8N2H2)ZnCl4 | 0.84@546 nm | [133] | ||
| dipotassium (NCN)3-heptazine | K2HC9N13·3H2O | 0.87 @ 550 nm | 3.52 | [136] | |
| bis(quinoline-2-carboxylate)antimony fluoride | (C10H6NO2)2SbF | 0.87 @ 546 nm | [137] | ||
| 3,5-diiodopyridine:iodine monochloride | 3,5-I2Py-ICl | 0.87@546 | [90] | ||
| K2HC9N13·3H2O | 0.87 | 3.52 | [138] | ||
| Hg18Ga8Se8Cl32 | 0.871@546 | transparent 400-25000; space group C2/c | [139] | ||
| (C5H6NO)2I4 | 0.891@1064 nm | [135] | |||
| disodium croconate trihydrate | Na2C5O5·3H2O | 0.893@546 nm | 2.55 | yellow | [140] |
| vanadium dioxide | VO2 | >0.9 | in thin film | [141] | |
| 4-aminopyrdinium tetrachloriodite | C5H7N2ICl4 | 0.94@546 | 2.29 | yellow; UV edge 360 nm | [142] |
| BaSbBS4 | 0.952@546 nm | 2.7 eV | [143] | ||
| 3,5-dichloropyridine:iodine monochloride | 3,5-Cl2Py-ICl | 0.97@546 | [90] | ||
| diprotonated 2,2′-biquinoline cadmium tetracloride | C18H14N2CdCl4 | 1.017@546 nm | [144] | ||
| Li3(C9N13)·6H2O | 1.031 | 3.62 | UV edge 325 nm | [145] | |
| disodium croconate dihydrate | Na2C5O5·2H2O | 1.062@546 nm | 2.67 | yellow | [140] |
| 1,3-diazapyrene:water | 1.169@546 | 2.93 | blue edge 423 nm | [16] | |
| 2,7-diazapyrene | 1.223@546 | 2.94 | blue edge 422 nm | [16] | |
| 1,3-diazapyrene | 1.269@546 | 2.97 | blue edge 418 nm | [16] | |
| sodium rhodizonate | Na2C6O6 | 1.35@2500 | 1.6 | brown | [35] |
| C4H6N3I2 | 1.384@1064 nm | [135] | |||
| molybdenum ditelluride | MoTe2 | 1.54 mid IR | [146] | ||
| tungsten disulfide | WS2 | 1.95 | refractive indexes 4.96, 3.01 | [147] | |
| Sr9/8TiS3 | 2.1 in mid IR | ne = 4.5 no = 2.4 | [1] | ||
| melamine di(triiodide) | C3H8N6I6·3H2O | 2.8 @650 nm | pink-black; birefringence changes rapidly through visible spectrum | [148] |
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- ↑ Munkhbat, Battulga; Wróbel, Piotr; Antosiewicz, Tomasz J.; Shegai, Timur O. (2022-07-20). "Optical Constants of Several Multilayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Measured by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry in the 300–1700 nm Range: High Index, Anisotropy, and Hyperbolicity". ACS Photonics. 9 (7): 2398–2407. arXiv:2203.13793. Bibcode:2022ACSP....9.2398M. doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00433. ISSN 2330-4022. PMC 9306003. PMID 35880067.
- ↑ Deng, Nan; Long, Hua; Wang, Kun; Han, Xiaobo; Wang, Bing; Wang, Kai; Lu, Peixiang (2022-08-20). "Giant optical anisotropy of WS 2 flakes in the visible region characterized by Au substrate assisted near-field optical microscopy". Nanotechnology. 33 (34): 345201. Bibcode:2022Nanot..33H5201D. doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ac6c96. ISSN 0957-4484. PMID 35508119. S2CID 248526934.
- ↑ Zhou, Yang; Guo, Zhengfeng; Gu, Honggang; Li, Yanqiang; Song, Yipeng; Liu, Shiyuan; Hong, Maochun; Zhao, Sangen; Luo, Junhua (September 2024). "A solution-processable natural crystal with giant optical anisotropy for efficient manipulation of light polarization". Nature Photonics. 18 (9): 922–927. Bibcode:2024NaPho..18..922Z. doi:10.1038/s41566-024-01461-8. ISSN 1749-4885.
Extra reading
- Shen, Yaoguo; Xiong, Jiajia; Wu, Mengqing; Li, Mengcai; Zhou, Yingwu; Zhang, Yanjie (January 2026). "Enhancing Birefringence via a Planar-Conformation-Locking Strategy". Laser & Photonics Reviews. 20 (2) e01545. Bibcode:2026LPRv...2001545S. doi:10.1002/lpor.202501545. 2,2′-biquinoline dihydrochloride, dihydrobromide, or tetrahydroborate predicted 0.89, 0.85 and 0.82 @ 550 nm.
- Nguyen, Vivian; Chu, Chu; Sutherlin, Monique; Zhang, Bingbing; Wang, Jian (2026-01-21). "Synthesis, Crystal Growth, Linear, and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Water-Grown Giant Optical Anisotropic Thiocyanates ABi(SCN) 4 (A = Rb, Cs)". Crystal Growth & Design. 26 (2): 995–1002. Bibcode:2026CrGrD..26..995N. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.5c01614. ISSN 1528-7483. predicted RbBi(SCN)4 birefringence 0.48@1064 and CsBi(SCN)4 0.66@546 nm
- Arif, Muhammad; Liu, Xu; Jia, Hangwei; Yang, Zhihua; Hou, Xueling; Pan, Shilie (2025). "Optimizing optical anisotropy in low-dimensional structures via intralayer hydrogen bonding modulation and anionic substitution". Materials Horizons. 12 (10): 3538–3545. doi:10.1039/D4MH01790K. PMID 40007248. aminopyrazine sulfate derivatives
- Wu, Zhen-Cheng; Guo, Sheng-Ping (November 2025). "Research progress and future prospect of chalcogenides with large optical anisotropy". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 542: 216866. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2025.216866.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) (review) - Xu, A-Lan; Ran, Mao-Yin; Wu, Xin-Tao; Lin, Hua; Zhu, Qi-Long (October 2025). "Recent progress in structural design strategies of high-birefringence optical crystals". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 540: 216775. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2025.216775.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) (review)