Gottscheerish
Upper German dialect of Slovenia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gottscheerish[2][3] (Göttscheabarisch,[4] German: Gottscheerisch, Slovene: kočevarščina) is an Upper German dialect which was the main language of communication among the Gottscheers in the enclave of Gottschee, Slovenia, before 1941. It is occasionally referred to as Granish or Granisch in the United States (< German Krainisch 'Carniolan'), a term also used for Slovene.[5][6][7]
Language history
Gottscheerish belongs to Southern Bavarian within the Bavarian dialect group. The Bavarian dialects of Carinthia are closest to it. Gottscheerish shares a lot of properties with the Bavarian dialects of the German language islands of the eastern Alps, among them Cimbrian in Veneto, Sappada (Pladen), and Timau (Tischelwang) in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Sorica (Zarz) in Upper Carniola (Slovenia).
Gottscheerish evolved independently for more than 600 years from the settlement of the first German-speaking settlers from Eastern Tyrol and Western Carinthia around 1330.
The Gottscheer Germans used Gottscheerish as oral language for daily communication, whereas their written language was Standard German. However, folk songs and folk tales collected in the 19th and 20th century have been published in Gottscheerish.
Already in the 19th century, many speakers of Gottscheerish left their homes to emigrate to the United States. After resettlement of most Gottscheers by the German occupation forces in 1941 during the Second World War, only a few hundred speakers of Gottscheerish remained in their homeland. After the war, Gottscheerish was forbidden in Yugoslavia.
Present situation
According to the UNESCO, Gottscheerish is a "critically endangered language". The majority of its speakers live in the U.S., with a significant community in Queens, New York City.[8] Most of them are of the oldest generation, who spent their childhood in Gottschee County. There are speakers in Canada, Austria and Germany as well; just as in the U.S., these populations have hardly any opportunity to practice it. Everyday language in the family and elsewhere is English and German or the local dialect, respectively.[9]
In Slovenia, there are some families who preserved Gottscheerish in spite of the ban after World War II. Today, however, there are probably no more children learning it as first language. Most Gottscheerish speakers live in Moschnitze valley (Črmošnjiško-Poljanska dolina) between Kočevske Poljane and Črmošnjice, where some Gottscheer families collaborated with the partisan movement and therefore were allowed to stay.[4][10]
Written representation
As a primarily or exclusively spoken language, the written representation of Gottscheerish has varied considerably. The following table shows how some of the more problematic phonemes have been represented in different writing systems.
The symbol ə for schwa is frequently distorted in representations of Gottscheerish, incorrectly replaced by the partial differential symbol ∂ or umlauted ä.
Phonology
The phonological inventory of Gottscheerish differs from standard German in a number of ways, especially regarding palatal consonants. The phonological inventory here is based on Hans Tschinkel's 1908 grammar.[12] Tschinkel does not explicitly distinguish between phonemic and phonetic status.
Consonants
Consonants in parentheses are either phonetic/positional variants, idiolect variants, or dialect variants.[15]
In the westernmost part of Gottschee, known as the Suchen Plateau (German: Suchener Hochtal), the phonemes /s/ and /ʃ/ merged to yield /ɕ/ and the phonemes /z/ and /ʒ/ merged to yield /ʑ/.[16] The phoneme /r/ is rarely realized as [ʁ].[17] The phoneme /l/ is realized as [ʟ] after front vowels and after labial/velar obstruents.[18]
Vowels
Tschinkel gives a large vowel inventory for Gottscheerish, especially for vowel clusters. He does not strictly distinguish between phonemic and phonetic values.[19]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i iː | ʉ ʉː | u uː |
| Hi-Mid | e eː | ɵ ɵː | o oː |
| Lo-Mid | ɛ | ə | |
| Low | a aː |
Falling diphthongs: ai, ao, au, aʉ, ea, ei, ia, iə, oa, oɛ, oi, ou, ɵi, ɵʉ, ua, ui, uə, ʉi, ʉə, əi, aːi, aːo
Rising diphthongs: i̯a, i̯aː, i̯ɛ, i̯e, i̯eː, i̯i, i̯iː, i̯o, i̯oː, i̯ɵ, i̯ɵː, i̯u, i̯uː, i̯ʉ, i̯ʉː, i̯ə
Falling triphthongs: oai, uai, eau, iəu, ʉəu, oːai, uːai
Rising-falling triphthongs: i̯ai, i̯au, i̯aʉ, i̯ea, i̯ei, i̯iə, i̯ou, i̯ɵʉ, i̯uə, i̯əi, u̯ai
Tetraphthongs: i̯oai, i̯uai, i̯oːai, i̯uːai
Grammar
Personal pronouns
The following pronouns are given in Hans Tschinkel's transcription.[20]
| Singular | Plural | Formal (sg./pl.) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 2nd person | ||
| (English nominative) | I | you | he | it | she | we | you | they | you |
| Nominative | iχ, ī, i, iχχe | dū̇, du̇ | ār, ar, a | īns, is, əs, ’s | žī, ži | biər, bər | iər, ər, dər | žai | žai |
| Genitive | maindər | daindər | žaindər (īmonš) | īrdər | inžər, inžə(r)dər | aijər, airər, aijə(r)dər | īr | īr | |
| Dative | miər, miərə, mər | diər, diərə, dər | īmon (īmonə), mon | īr (īrə), ir | inš | ai | in, ən, ’n, nən | in, ən, ’n, nən | |
| Accusative | mī, mi | dī, di | in, ən, ’n | īns, əs, ’s | žai, žə | inš | ai | žai, žə, ž’ | žai, žə, ž’ |
Numbers
The following numbers are given in abridged form in Hans Tschinkel's transcription.[21]
|
|
|
|
Examples
A text in Karl Schröer's orthography (1870):
| Gottscheerish[22] | German[22] | English |
|---|---|---|
|
Bie wrüe işt auf dar Hanşel junc, |
Wie früh ist auf der Hänsel jung, |
How early young Johnny is up, |
A text partially based on Hans Tschinkel's orthography (ca. 1908):
| Gottscheerish[23][Note 1] | German[24] | English |
|---|---|---|
|
Du̇ hoscht lai oin Ammoin, |
Du hast nur eine Mutter |
You have only one mother |
Notes
- The spelling and first two lines of this verse (Ammoin, Attoin) by Wilhelm Tschinkel differ considerably among publications.