Grand Allies

There were two main aspects to the cartel: manipulation of coal output, and pooling of capital.^[12] "Regulation", or restriction of output of coal to support the price, had already been used earlier in the century, was employed intermittently, and had only partial success;^[13] Sidney Wortley Montagu, who died in 1727, had previously been, from 1709 to 1716, in the "Regulation" of five major coal-owners that broke up acrimoniously.^[14][15]

Another side of the first aspect was the use of "dead rents": the deliberate keeping out of production of collieries on which rents were being paid.^[16] The Grand Allies applied dead rents strategically, for long periods, for example to St Anthony's Colliery at Byker.^[17][18] They were also accused of building staiths simply to deny the chance of others doing so on the waterfront.^[19]

The period to 1770 was one in which the Grand Allies had a clear regional dominance. In the second quarter of the 18th century, of nine collieries opened in the north-east, eight were controlled by the Grand Allies.^[20] During that time coal mining spread into the area between the River Team and River Derwent, tributaries flowing north into the Tyne.^[1]

That degree of control fell away, because of technical advances but also because the banking system enabled new entrants to finance coal mines. From the end of the Seven Years' War, there was growth in private banks, and improved steam pump technology, key to exploiting mines that previously not been viable.^[21][22]

In time, the initial tight group of coal-owners admitted others. William Russell, who in 1781 leased Wallsend Colliery and later bought Brancepeth Castle, was a conspicuous example. There were also the Brandling family of Gosforth, and Matthew Bell of Woolsington.^[23] Charles John Brandling of the Grand Allies was responsible for the winning of the Gosforth Colliery in the 1820s.^[24] Matthew Bell married into the Brandlings, and his son Matthew Bell (1793–1871) inherited a Grand Allies position.^[25]

After the near-monopoly on local coal for the Grand Allies waned in market importance, the "Limitation of the Vend" coal producers' organisation succeeded it in keeping prices high in a more developed cartel structure, with production quotas.^[26][27] The advent of the steam locomotive and the pioneering Stockton and Darlington Railway were directly connected to the concentration of Grand Allies pits around Killingworth (see Killingworth locomotives).^[28] The long-term effect of the development of railways was then to reduce the importance of the Northumberland and Durham coalfield, because it provided a logistical solution for the transport to London of coal from other areas.^[1]

The major landowners of the region who were coal producers in their own right sold out in the period 1840 to 1860.^[29] In 1843 they were from the original "Grand Allies" families, by then represented by James Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Wharncliffe, Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth, and Thomas Lyon-Bowes, 11th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, with the trustees acting for George Lambton, 2nd Earl of Durham, a minor, and Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry.^[30]