Great Russian Encyclopedia
Universal encyclopedia in Russian
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Great Russian Encyclopedia (GRE; Russian: ÐолÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑоÑÑийÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑнÑиклопедиÑ, ÐÐ Ð, transliterated as Bolshaya rossiyskaya entsiklopediya or academically as Bol'Å¡aja rossijskaja ènciklopedija) is a universal Russian encyclopedia, completed in 36 volumes, published between 2004 and 2017 by Great Russian Encyclopedia, JSC (Russian: ÐолÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑоÑÑийÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑнÑÐ¸ÐºÐ»Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ ÐÐÐ, transliterated as Bolshaya rossiyskaya entsiklopediya PAO). A successor to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, it was released under the auspices of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) after President Vladimir Putin signed a presidential decree â1156 in 2002.[1] The complete edition was released by 2017.[2]
Great Russian Encyclopedia in Vilnius University Library | |
| Editor | Yury Osipov (editor-in-chief) |
|---|---|
| Illustrator | Several |
| Language | Russian |
| Subject | General |
| Genre | Reference encyclopaedia |
| Publisher | Great Russian Encyclopedia |
Publication date | 2004â2017 |
| Publication place | Russia |
| Pages | Volume "Russia" â 1008, other volumes â on average 768 |
| Website | bigenc |
The chief editor of the encyclopedia was Yury Osipov, the president of the RAS. The editorial board had more than 80 RAS members.[1]
The first, introductory volume, released in 2004, was dedicated to Russia. Thirty-five volumes were released between 2005 and 2017, covering the range from "A" to "ЯÑ" (Yaya).[3] The RAS plans to publish an updated version every five years, although it may not be issued in print after the first edition.
On 17 June 2024 the project was suspended due to discontinued funding from the Russian government and by October 2024, its materials are being transferred to Ruwiki.[4][5][6][7][8]
In December 2024 it was decreed to liquidate the autonomous nonprofit organization "Great Russian Encyclopedia" by October 20, 2025. In September 2025 the Russian government allocated over 300 million rubles to complete the liquidation.[9] In particular, this money will be used to pay the unpaid salaries, for layoff payments, and for debt repayments.[10]
Personnel and management
Editorial board
Yury Osipov, a mathematician, President of RAS (1991â2013), is the GRE Editor in Chief and Chairman of the Scientific Editorial Board.[11][12][13][14][15]
Managing editor is Sergey Kravets, journalist, editor and cultural figure.
Also in the scientific editorial board are or were:
- RAS Academics:
Sergey S. Averintsev, Eugene N. Avrorin, Sergei I. Adian, Yuri P. Altukhov, Zhores I. Alferov, Boris V. Anan'ich, Alexander F. Andreev, Leo N. Andreev, Dmitry V. Anosov, Vladimir I. Arnold, Sergey N. Bagaev, Nikolai Bahvalov, Oleg A. Bogatikov, Alexander A. Boyarchuk, Evgeny Velikhov, Vladimir A. Vinogradov, Andrei I. Vorobyov, Eric M. Galimov, Andrey V. Gaponov-Grekhov, Mikhail L. Gasparov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Georgy S. Golitsyn, Andrei A. Gonchar, Anatoly I. Grigoriev, Abdusalam A. Guseinov, Mikhail I. Davydov, Anatoly P. Derevyanko, Nikolai L. Dobretsov, Yuri I. Zhuravlev, Nicholas S. Zefirov, Yuri A. Zolotov, Viktor P. Ivannikov, Vadim T. Ivanov, Sergei G. Inge-Vechtomov, Alexander S. Isaev, Victor A. Kabanov, Eugene N. Kablov, Sergei P. Karpov, Lev L. Kiselev, Alex E. Kontorovich, Vladimir M. Kotlyakov, Oleg N. Krokhin, Edward P. Kruglyakov, Alexander B. Kudelin, Oleg Y. Kutafin, Nikolai P. Laverov, Viktor P. Legostaev, Nikolai P. Liakishev, Valery L. Makarov, Alexander M. Matveenko, Gennady A. Mesyats, Alexander D. Nekipelov, Alexei V. Nikolaev, Sergey P. Novikov, Yuri S. Osipov, Dmitry S. Pavlov, Alexey N. Parshin, Nikolai A. Plate, Nikolai N. Ponomarev-Steppe, Yuri V. Prokhorov, Alexei Y. Rozanov, Valery A. Rubakov, Alexander Y. Rumyantsev, Dmitry V. Rundkvist, Gennady I. Savin, Victor A. Sadovnichii, Alexander N. Skrinsky, Alexander S. Spirin, Yuri S. Stepanov, Vyacheslav S. Stepin, Michael L. Titarenko, Valery A. Tishkov, Yuri D. Tretyakov, Kliment N. Trubetskoy, Oleg H. Favorsky, Ludvig D. Faddeev, Vladimir Ye. Fortov, Konstantin V. Frolov, Yuri I. Chernov, Gorimir G. Chernii, Alexander O. Chubarian, Vitaly D. Shafranov, Sergey V. Shestakov, Dmitry V. Shirkov.
- RAS Corresponding Members:
Boris A. Babayan, Vladimir I. Vasiliev, Piama P. Gaidenko, Rudolf V. Kamelin, Michael V. Kovalchuk, Nikolai I. Lapin, Sergey S. Lappo, Alexey V. Yablokov.
- Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Academician:
- Russian Academy of Arts Academician:
- Russian Federation Statesmen:
- Aleksandr A. Avdeyev (Culture Minister in 2008â2012),
- Andrei A. Fursenko (Minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in 2004â2012),
- Andrei A. Kokoshin (Secretary of the Russian Security Council in 1998),
- Sergey E. Naryshkin (Head of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation in 2008â2011, Chairman of the State Duma of the Russian Federation since 2011),
- Alexander S. Sokolov (musicologist, Culture Minister in 2004-2008),
- Sergey K. Shoigu (Minister of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation in 1994â2012, Defense Minister from 2012),
- Mikhail E. Shvydkoi (Culture Minister in 2000â2004),
- Alexander D. Zhukov (Deputy Prime Minister in 2004â2011).
- and also:
Alexei D. Bogaturov, Sergey V. Chemezov, Vladimir V. Grigoriev, Alexei I. Komech, Vladimir A. Mau, D. L. Orlov.
Edition summary
Publication schedule and contents of volumes:
| Vol. | Title (translit - translation) | Publication year | ISBN | pages |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | РоÑÑÐ¸Ñ (Rossija - Russia) | 2004 | ISBN 5-85270-326-5 | 1008 |
| 1 | A (A) ÐнкеÑиÑование (Anketirovanie - Questionnaires) | 2005 | ISBN 5-85270-329-X | 766 |
| 2 | Ðнкилоз (Ankiloz - Ankylosis) Ðанка (Banka â Ocean bank) | 2005 | ISBN 5-85270-330-3 | 766 |
| 3 | «ÐанкеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ» 1904 («Banketnaja kampanija» 1904 - Banquet Campaign of 1904) ÐолÑÑой ÐÑгиз (Bol'shoj Irgiz) | 2005 | ISBN 5-85270-331-1 | 766 |
| 4 | ÐолÑÑой Ðавказ (Bol'shoj Kavkaz - Greater Caucasus) Ðеликий канал (Velikij kanal - Great Channel) | 2006 | ISBN 5-85270-333-8 | 766 |
| 5 | Ðеликий кнÑÐ·Ñ (Velikij knjaz' â The Grand Duke) ÐоÑÑ Ð¾Ð´ÑÑий Ñзел оÑбиÑÑ (Voshodjashchij uzel orbity - ascending node of the orbit) | 2006 | ISBN 5-85270-334-6 | 786 |
| 6 | ÐоÑÑмеÑиÑнÑй пÑÑÑ (Vos'merichnyj put' - Eightfold Path) ÐеÑманÑÑ (Germancy - Germanic peoples) | 2006 | ISBN 5-85270-335-4 | 768 |
| 7 | ÐеÑмаÑÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ (Germafrodit â Hermaphrodite) ÐÑигоÑÑев (Grigor'ev - Grigoriev) | 2007 | ISBN 978-5-85270-337-8 | 767 |
| 8 | ÐÑигоÑÑев (Grigor'ev - Grigoriev) Ðинамика (Dinamika - Dynamics) | 2007 | ISBN 978-5-85270-338-5 | 767 |
| 9 | Ðинамика аÑмоÑÑеÑÑ (Dinamika atmosfery - Dynamics of the atmosphere) ÐелезнодоÑожнÑй Ñзел (Zheleznodorozhnyj uzel - Railway junction) | 2007 | ISBN 978-585270-339-2 | 767 |
| 10 | Ðелезное деÑево (Zheleznoe derevo - Iron Tree) ÐзлÑÑение (Izluchenie - Radiation) | 2008 | ISBN 978-5-85270-341-5 | 767 |
| 11 | ÐзлÑÑение Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð·Ð¼Ñ (Izluchenie plazmy - Radiation plasma) ÐÑламÑкий ÑÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ ÑпаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ (Islamskij front spasenija - the Islamic Salvation Front) | 2008 | ISBN 978-5-85270-342-2 | 767 |
| 12 | ÐÑÐ»Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¸Ñ (Islandija - Iceland) ÐанÑелÑÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¼Ñ (Kanceljarizmy - Officialese) | 2008 | ISBN 978-5-85270-343-9 | 767 |
| 13 | ÐанÑелÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑиÑкаÑии (Kanceljarija konfiskacii - Chancery of Confiscation) ÐиÑÐ³Ð¸Ð·Ñ (Kirgizy - Kirghiz) | 2009 | ISBN 978-5-85270-344-6 | 783 |
| 14 | ÐиÑеев (Kireev - Kireyev) Ðонго (Kongo - Congo) | 2009 | ISBN 978-5-85270-345-3 | 751 |
| 15 | Ðонго (Kongo - Congo) ÐÑеÑение (Kreshchenie - Baptism) | 2010 | ISBN 978-5-85270-346-0 | 767 |
| 16 | ÐÑеÑение ÐоÑподне (Kreshchenie Gospodne - Epiphany) ÐаÑÑоÑковÑе (Lastochkovye - Hirundinidae) | 2010 | ISBN 978-5-85270-347-7 | 751 |
| 17 | ÐаÑ-ТÑÐ½Ð°Ñ (Las-Tunas - Las Tunas) ÐÐ¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ñ (Lomonos - Clematis) | 2011 | ISBN 978-5-85270-350-7 | 751 |
| 18 | ÐомоноÑов (Lomonosov - Lomonosov) ÐÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ð·ÐµÑ (Manizer - Manizer) | 2011 | ISBN 978-5-85270-351-4 | 768 |
| 19 | ÐаниковÑкий (Manikovskij - Iznikovsky) ÐеоÑида (Meotida - Maeotias) | 2012 | ISBN 978-5-85270-353-8 | 768 |
| 20 | ÐеоÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð°ÑÑ
еологиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐºÑлÑÑÑÑа (Meotskaja arheologicheskaja kul'tura - Meotian archaeological culture) Ðонголо-ÑаÑаÑÑкое наÑеÑÑвие (Mongolo-tatarskoe nashestvie - Mongol-Tatar invasion) | 2012 | ISBN 978-5-85270-354-5 | 768 |
| 21 | ÐÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ñ (Mongoly - Mongols) ÐаномаÑеÑÐ¸Ð°Ð»Ñ (Nanomaterialy - Nanomaterials) | 2013 | ISBN 978-5-85270-355-2 | 768 |
| 22 | ÐанонаÑка (Nanonauka - Nanoscience) Ðиколай ÐаваÑила (Nikolaj Kavasila - Nicholas Kabasilas) | 2013 | ISBN 978-5-85270-358-3 | 767 |
| 23 | Ðиколай ÐÑзанÑкий (Nikolaj Kuzanskij - Nicholas of Cusa) Ðкеан (Okean - Ocean) | 2013 | ISBN 978-5-85270-360-6 | 767 |
| 24 | ÐкеанаÑиÑм (Okeanarium - Oceanarium) ÐÑÑио (Ojasio - Oyashio) | 2014 | ISBN 978-5-85270-361-3 | 767[16] |
| 25 | Ð (P - Ð) ÐеÑÑÑÑ (Pertur - Perturbation) | 2014 | ISBN 978-5-85270-362-0 | 765[17] |
| 26 | ÐеÑÑ (Peru - Peru) ÐолÑпÑиÑеп (Polupritsep - Semitrailer) | 2014 | ISBN 978-5-85270-363-7 | 767[18] |
| 27 | ÐолÑпÑоводники (Poluprovodniki - Semiconductors) ÐÑÑÑÑÐ½Ñ (Pustynya - Desert) | 2014 | ISBN 978-5-85270-364-4 | 767[19] |
| 28 | ÐÑÑÑÑÑник (Pustyrnik - Motherwort) Ð ÑмÑеÑод (Rumcherod - Rumcherod) | 2015 | ISBN 978-5-85270-365-1 | 767[20] |
| 29 | Ð ÑмÑÐ½Ð¸Ñ (Rumyniya - Romania) Сен-Ðан-де-ÐÑз (Sen-Zhan-de-Lyuz - Saint-Jean-de-Luz) | 2015 | ISBN 978-5-85270-366-8 | 767[21] |
| 30 | Сен-ÐеÑменÑкий Ð¼Ð¸Ñ 1679 (Sen-Zhermenskiy mir 1679 - Saint-Germain Treaty 1679) СоÑиалÑное обеÑпеÑение (Sotsial'noye obespecheniye - Social security) | 2016 | ISBN 978-5-85270-367-5 | 767[22] |
| 31 | СоÑиалÑное паÑÑнÑÑÑÑво (Sotsial'noye partnyorstvo - Social partnership) Телевидение (Televideniye - Television) | 2016 | ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2 | 768[23] |
| 32 | Ð¢ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ð·Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ð°ÑÐ½Ñ (Televizionnaya bashnya - Television tower) Улан-ÐаÑÐ¾Ñ (Ulan-Bator - Ulaanbaatar) | 2016 | ISBN 978-5-85270-369-9 | 768[24] |
| 33 | Уланд (Uland - Uhland) ХваÑÑев (Khvatsev - Khvatsev) | 2017 | ISBN 978-5-85270-370-5 | 799[25] |
| 34 | Хвойка (Khvoyka - Khvoyka) ШеÑвинÑкий (Shervinsky - Shervinsky) | 2017 | ISBN 978-5-85270-372-9 | 799[26] |
| 35 | ШеÑвÑд (Shervud - Sherwood) Ð¯Ñ (Yaya - Yaya) | 2017 | ISBN 978-5-85270-373-6 | 799[27] |
Electronic version
In 2022, an electronic version, the online Great Russian Encyclopedia was launched at bigenc
Criticism
While it was widely recognized that the Great Soviet Encyclopedia needed a replacement, the need for a print encyclopedia has been questioned, since many other analogues have now moved online, such as the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Brockhaus Enzyklopädie.[31]
Critics complain that many of the biographies, historical entries, and cultural articles are narrow and biased: according to writer and literary critic Nikolai Podosokorsky, several of the articles are "quite superficial" and "the lists of references at the end were often extremely biased". While admitting that some of the articles in the encyclopedia were "excellent", Podosokorsky still stated that he maintained a generally negative view of the project.[31]