Help:Citation merging

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The page is about bundling multiple citations into a single footnote. Articles may be more legible/accessible if multiple citations are bundled into a single footnote, avoiding clutter and the appearance of citation overkill.

This help page is a how-to guide.

It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines, and may reflect varying levels of consensus.

Shortcuts

To concatenate multiple citations for the same content into a single footnote, there are several layouts available, as illustrated below:

Usage

Sometimes the article is more readable if multiple citations are bundled into a single footnote. For example, when there are multiple sources for a given sentence, and each source applies to the entire sentence, the sources can be placed at the end of the sentence, like this.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Or they can be bundled into one footnote at the end of the sentence or paragraph, like this.^[4]

When formatting multiple citations in a footnote, there are several layouts available, as illustrated below. Within a given article, only a single layout should be used.

Advantages

Bundling is also useful if the sources each support a different portion of the preceding text, or if the sources all support the same text. Bundling has several advantages:

It helps readers and other editors see at a glance which source supports which point, maintaining text–source integrity.
It avoids the visual clutter of multiple clickable footnotes inside a sentence or paragraph.
It avoids the confusion of having multiple sources listed separately after sentences, with no indication of which source to check for each part of the text, such as this.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
It makes it less likely that inline citations will be moved inadvertently when text is re-arranged, because the footnote states clearly which source supports which point.

Disadvantages

Bundling has the following disadvantages:

It requires that several sources are collected together at one point in the text, breaking the link between which piece of text is supported by which source. This damages text–source integrity.
If a piece of article text is re-arranged into another paragraph, sources have to be extracted from the bundling to move them to the new location. This also means that every source in the bundle has to be re-examined to ensure that the new text is still accurately supported.
If any of the sources in the bundle is re-used elsewhere in the text, the citation cannot be implemented by using named references or List-defined references. This increases the citation clutter within the wiki-text.

Referencing styles

Wikipedia uses various referencing systems to cite sources that support assertions in the article and to add explanatory and supplementary material (Footnotes and Shortened footnotes).

Footnotes

`<ref>...</ref>`

A bulleted list can be placed into a reference using the standard syntax with asterisks (*) without any template. For a more streamlined look without bullets that complies with the accessibility guidelines, use template {{multiref}} or {{multiref2}}. Don't use the HTML line break tag (<br>), as this will create problems for screen readers. The general unbulleted list templates like {{plainlist}} or {{unbulleted list}}) will not cause accessibility issues but may not display with correct formatting within reference tags.

List with bullets

If the reference starts with a bulleted list item, it will be pushed down one row. After the first citation, each bullet citation must be written on a new line.

More information Markup, Renders as ...

Markup	Renders as
The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.<ref>Multiple sources: * For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. * For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46. * For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. * {{Cite news\|url=https://www.space.com/14725-moon-temperature-lunar-days-night.html\|title=What's the Temperature on the Moon?\|work=Space.com\|access-date=2018-08-09}} </ref> ==References== {{Reflist}}	The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.^[1] References [1] Multiple sources: For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46. For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. "What's the Temperature on the Moon?" Space.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.

Markup

Renders as

The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.<ref>Multiple sources: 
* For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
* For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46.
* For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.space.com/14725-moon-temperature-lunar-days-night.html|title=What's the Temperature on the Moon?|work=Space.com|access-date=2018-08-09}} 
</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.^[1]

References

[1]
Multiple sources:
For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.

For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46.

For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.

"What's the Temperature on the Moon?" Space.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.

List without bullets

For a list without bullets, a template must be used. {{multiref}} indents each line of the bundled citations to look like the first line. {{multiref2}} also indents each line and inserts a white space in between citations to allow a clear distinction between sources.

More information Markup, Renders as ...

Markup	Renders as
The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.<ref>{{multiref \|For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. \|For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46. \|For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}}	The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.^[1] References [1] For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46. For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.

Markup

Renders as

The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.<ref>{{multiref
|For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
|For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46.
|For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.^[1]

References

[1]
For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46.
For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.

{{multiref2}} separates bundled citations with white space:

More information Markup, Renders as ...

Markup	Renders as
The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.<ref>{{multiref2 \|For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. \|For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46. \|For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}}	The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.^[1] References [1] For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46. For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.

Markup

Renders as

The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.<ref>{{multiref2
|For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
|For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46.
|For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.^[1]

References

[1]
For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46.
For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.

Solid paragraph

More information Markup, Renders as ...

Markup	Renders as
The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.<ref>For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46. For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}}	The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.^[1] References [1] For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46. For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.

Markup

Renders as

The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.<ref>For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46. For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.^[1]

References

[1]
For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46. For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.

Shortened footnotes

Harvard and sfnm templates

The {{harvnb}} template or other similar templates can be manually bundled in a single footnote, separated either with semicolons or with the {{multiref}} template. The {{sfnm}} template also supports the inclusion of multiple sources in a single footnote.

More information Markup, Renders as ...

Markup	Renders as
The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big.<ref>{{harvnb\|Smith\|2010\|p=25}}; {{harvnb\|Jones\|2010}}</ref>	The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big.^[1] Notes [1] Smith 2010, p. 25; Jones 2010
The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big.{{sfnm\|la1=Smith\|y1=2010\|p1=25\|la2=Jones\|y2=2010}}	The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big.^[1] Notes [1] Smith 2010, p. 25; Jones 2010.
==References== * {{cite book \|last = Smith \|first = John ... Smith's book}} * {{cite book \|last = Jones \|first = Mary ... Jones' book}}	References Smith, John (2010). Smith's book. Jones, Mary (2010). Jones' book.

Markup

Renders as

The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref>

The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big.^[1]

Notes

[1]
Smith 2010, p. 25; Jones 2010

The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big.{{sfnm|la1=Smith|y1=2010|p1=25|la2=Jones|y2=2010}}

The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big.^[1]

Notes

[1]
Smith 2010, p. 25; Jones 2010.

==References==
* {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John ... Smith's book}}
* {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary ... Jones' book}}

References

Smith, John (2010). Smith's book.
Jones, Mary (2010). Jones' book.

Sfnmp template

The {{Sfnmp}} supports the inclusion of multiple sources in a single footnote and renders the year in parentheses

{{Sfnmp|Smith|2005|1p=15|Jones|2004|2p=2}} which will produce the following footnote: ^[1]

[1]
Smith (2005), p. 15; Jones (2004), p. 2.

{{r}} template

It is possible to bundle multiple citations into one entry while still defining and invoking them individually using the {{r}} template. This would not normally be used to combine unrelated citations (unless in form of a footnote rather than a citation utilizing the |group= parameter), but it is sometimes used to combine different editions of the same work or similar closely related information. Either way, it is possible to define them all in one go (possibly as a list-defined reference) and invoke them several times (possibly with different |page= parameters), or to define the citations individually and combine them through the annotation system of template {{r}}. The following examples illustrate the latter form:

Bullet format

More information Markup, Renders as ...

Markup	Renders as
The sun is pretty big,{{r\|n=R1\|r=For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.}} but the moon is not so big.{{r\|n=R1\|a=* For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46.}} The sun is also{{r\|n=R1\|a=* For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.}} quite hot.{{r\|n=R1\|a=* {{Cite news\|url=https://www.space.com/14725-moon-temperature-lunar-days-night.html\|title=What's the Temperature on the Moon?\|work=Space.com\|access-date=2018-08-09}}}} ==References== {{Reflist}}	The sun is pretty big,^[1] but the moon is not so big.^[1]^[1] The sun is also^[1]^[1] quite hot.^[1]^[1] References [1] For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46. For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. "What's the Temperature on the Moon?". Space.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.

Markup

Renders as

The sun is pretty big,{{r|n=R1|r=For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.}} but the moon is not so big.{{r|n=R1|a=* For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46.}} The sun is also{{r|n=R1|a=* For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.}} quite hot.{{r|n=R1|a=* {{Cite news|url=https://www.space.com/14725-moon-temperature-lunar-days-night.html|title=What's the Temperature on the Moon?|work=Space.com|access-date=2018-08-09}}}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

The sun is pretty big,^[1] but the moon is not so big.^[1]^[1] The sun is also^[1]^[1] quite hot.^[1]^[1]

References

[1]
For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46.

For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.

"What's the Temperature on the Moon?". Space.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.

Line breaks format

More information Markup, Renders as ...

Markup	Renders as
The sun is pretty big,{{r\|n=R1\|r=For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.}} but the moon is not so big.{{r\|n=R1\|a=<br/>For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46.}} The sun is also{{r\|n=R1\|a=<br/>For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.}} quite hot.{{r\|n=R1\|a=<br/>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.space.com/14725-moon-temperature-lunar-days-night.html\|title=What's the Temperature on the Moon?\|work=Space.com\|access-date=2018-08-09}}}} ==References== {{Reflist}}	The sun is pretty big,^[1] but the moon is not so big.^[1]^[1] The sun is also^[1]^[1] quite hot.^[1]^[1] References [1] For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46. For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. "What's the Temperature on the Moon?". Space.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.

Markup

Renders as

The sun is pretty big,{{r|n=R1|r=For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.}} but the moon is not so big.{{r|n=R1|a=<br/>For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46.}} The sun is also{{r|n=R1|a=<br/>For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.}} quite hot.{{r|n=R1|a=<br/>{{Cite news|url=https://www.space.com/14725-moon-temperature-lunar-days-night.html|title=What's the Temperature on the Moon?|work=Space.com|access-date=2018-08-09}}}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

The sun is pretty big,^[1] but the moon is not so big.^[1]^[1] The sun is also^[1]^[1] quite hot.^[1]^[1]

References

[1]
For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46.
For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
"What's the Temperature on the Moon?". Space.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.

Paragraph format

For the line breaks format, either replace the preceding asterisk (*) in the |a(nnotation)= parameters by <br/>, or remove the asterisk and add a parameter |leadin=<br/> instead.

More information Markup, Renders as ...

Markup	Renders as
The sun is pretty big,{{r\|n=R1\|r=For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.}} but the moon is not so big.{{r\|n=R1\|a=For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46.}} The sun is also{{r\|n=R1\|a=For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.}} quite hot.{{r\|n=R1\|a={{Cite news\|url=https://www.space.com/14725-moon-temperature-lunar-days-night.html\|title=What's the Temperature on the Moon?\|work=Space.com\|access-date=2018-08-09}}}} ==References== {{Reflist}}	The sun is pretty big,^[1] but the moon is not so big.^[1]^[1] The sun is also^[1]^[1] quite hot.^[1]^[1] References [1] For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46. For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. "What's the Temperature on the Moon?". Space.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.

Markup

Renders as

The sun is pretty big,{{r|n=R1|r=For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.}} but the moon is not so big.{{r|n=R1|a=For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46.}} The sun is also{{r|n=R1|a=For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.}} quite hot.{{r|n=R1|a={{Cite news|url=https://www.space.com/14725-moon-temperature-lunar-days-night.html|title=What's the Temperature on the Moon?|work=Space.com|access-date=2018-08-09}}}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

The sun is pretty big,^[1] but the moon is not so big.^[1]^[1] The sun is also^[1]^[1] quite hot.^[1]^[1]

References

[1]
For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46. For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. "What's the Temperature on the Moon?". Space.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.

Help:Citation merging

Usage

Advantages

Disadvantages

Referencing styles

Footnotes

`<ref>...</ref>`

List with bullets

List without bullets

Solid paragraph

Shortened footnotes

Harvard and sfnm templates

Sfnmp template

{{r}} template

Bullet format

Line breaks format

Paragraph format

See also

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