HMS Windsor Castle (1858)

Windsor Castle was originally designed as a sister of the 110-gun Queen, but was modified while under construction in 1848 to a 116-gun design. Still incomplete, she was ordered to be converted to screw propulsion with an armament of 120 guns in 1857.^[1] Stability issues meant that her forecastle and quarterdeck were cut down in height and her armament was reduced to 102 guns in an unsuccessful attempt resolve the issues.^[2] The ship measured 204 feet (62.2 m) on the gundeck and 166 feet 5 inches (50.7 m) on the keel. She had a beam of 60 feet (18.3 m), and a depth of hold of 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m). Windsor Castle had a tonnage of 3,099 16⁄94 tons burthen. Her crew numbered 930 officers and ratings.^[3]

Windsor Castle was powered by a two-cylinder, horizontal trunk steam engine that was rated at 500 nominal horsepower.^[3] The engine was built by John Penn and Sons and the ship's boilers produced enough steam for the engine to produce 2,052 indicated horsepower (1,530 kW; 2,080 PS) during her sea trials on 7 May 1859 which gave her a maximum speed of 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph), albeit without masts or supplies. She had three masts and was ship rigged.^[4]

The ship's muzzle-loading, smoothbore armament consisted of thirty 8 in (203 mm) shell guns on her lower gun deck, thirty 32-pounder (56 cwt) guns^{[Note 1]} on the middle gun deck and thirty 32-pounder (42 cwt) guns on her upper gun deck. Between her forecastle and quarterdeck, she carried ten 32-pounder (42 cwt) guns and a pair of 68-pounder (95 cwt) guns^[3] on pivot mounts.^[5] By 1862 her armament had been reduced to 97 guns, including a number of rifled, breech-loading Armstrong guns, notably a single 110-pounder on a pivot mount, four 70-pounders and six 40-pounders. Windsor Castle retained fifty-six 32-pounders.^[3]

Named for the royal fortress,^[6] Windsor Castle was ordered on 3 October 1833 with the name of Victoria^[7] in honour of the Princess Victoria, heir to the British throne.^[8] She was not laid down at Pembroke Dockyard until May 1844, but work was suspended on 9 December.^[9] The ship was reordered on 29 June 1848 to a modified design, and reordered again on 28 February 1857 when she was ordered to be converted from sail to screw propulsion whilst on the stocks and to be fitted for 120 guns. She was renamed Windsor Castle^[3], the fourth ship of her name to serve in the RN,^[10] to release her name for the recently ordered 121-gun three-decker on 6 January 1855.^[3]

She was launched by Lady Pakington^[11] on 26 August 1858, and was towed to HM Dockyard, Devonport, on 18 September to be completed. The ship performed badly during her sea trials^[12] and was immediately placed in ordinary upon her completion on 2 February 1859. By 1862 she had been reduced to 97 guns.^[3]

Gunnery school

She was renamed HMS Cambridge in 1869, when she was hulked and replaced a ship of the same name in January 1869 as the stationary gunnery training ship at Devonport. The ship was commanded by Captain Fitzgerald Foley at that time.^[3][13] On 8 December 1872, she was driven ashore in a storm. At that point, she was armed with 29 guns.^[14] She was refloated the next day.^[15] Rear-Admiral Assheton Curzon-Howe hoisted his flag on board as second in command of the Channel Squadron.^[16] The gunnery school moved ashore in 1907^[13] and Cambridge was sold to Cox on 24 June 1908 to be broken up at Falmouth.^[3]