Hadrami Rebellion (659)

Mu'awiya had taken a number of measures to strengthen his position during the First Fitna. He refused to integrate any personnel outside of his stronghold of Greater Syria into his army even if they had expressed support for him. In contrast to the critics of Uthman, there were also people in Basra and Kufa who considered Ali's authority as illegitimate and defected to the Umayyads, however despite his unwillingness to recruit them, Mu'awiya enlisted the seceders while keeping them separate from the Syrian army by establishing garrison cities in Jund Qinnasrin, originally a part of Jund Hims, to accommodate them. Al-Jazira and Mosul were the other regions where they settled. The Banu-al Arqam who opposed Ali's rule in Kufa defected to Mu'awiya and settled in Al-Jazira.^[1]

Ali appointed his cousin Abd Allah ibn Abbas as the governor of Basra. However, relations between the two men deteriorated shortly afterwards and Ibn Abbas left the city with six millions dirhams. In the account of Abu Ubayda, Sabra ibn Shayman proposed that he keep the money and offered the military support of the Qays. Ibn Abbas soon reconciled with Ali and resumed the governorship of Basra.^[2] After the Battle of the Camel, Basra briefly came under Ali's control. Following the Umayyad annexation of Egypt, Mu'awiya I dispatched Abd Allah ibn Amr al-Hadrami with 2000 men to Basra to launch a rebellion with the support of the Banu Tamim tribe there who were supportive of Mu'awiya.

Abd Allah ibn Abbas, the governor of Basra, had left for Kufa leaving his deputy Ziyad ibn Abihi in charge. Ziyad informed Ali of the escalation and took refuge with the tribe of Banu Azd. The Banu Tamim of Kufa was dispatched by Ali under A'yan ibn Dahi'ah al-Mujashi to confront the forces of Abd Allah ibn Amr al-Hadrami but he was soon killed upon his arrival in Basra. Ali then sent Jariya ibn Qudama with 50 relief troops. Jariya then called for assistance from Ziyad with the Banu Azd tribe. They arrived in Basra, clashing with the forces of Abd Allah ibn Amr al-Hadrami, forcing them to retreat and take refuge in the house of Sabil al-Saʿdi. The house was set on fire by Ali's forces, killing most of al-Hadrami's men including himself. Those who escaped were blocked by forts where they were besieged.^{[3][4][5][6][7]}

• Battle of Ayn al-Tamr (659)