Hafsid campaign in Kairouan and Sousse

In 1537, Sidi Arafah led a rebellion in Kairouan against the authority of the Hafsids. In response, the Sultan sought assistance from Charles V, who dispatched his army to Kairouan and landed forces at Sousse. Despite these efforts, the expedition ended in a fiasco, and both the Spanish and the Hafsids suffered heavy losses.^[2][3]

Two years later, Andrea Doria exacted his revenge by launching attacks against Kelibia, Sousse, Monastir, and Sfax. However, this did not prevent a second defeat at the hands of the Chabbia in Kairouan in 1542.^[4][5]