Hamza Nigari

His given name was Hamza. He adopted the pen name Nigari from an ideal beloved (negār) of whom he once dreamed; according to a variant tradition, the name also expressed gratitude to a woman named Nigar who assisted him financially during his studies.^[1][2] He is variously referred to as Mir Hamza, Haci Hamza Nigari, Seyyid Nigari, and Nigari-i Karabaghi in the sources. The honorific Seyyid reflects his claimed descent from the Ahl al-Bayt: his family traced their lineage through Seyyid Muhammed Shamseddin Akabali, who settled in Karabakh from Khorasan in the twelfth century and was held to be of the line of al-Hasan.^[2]

Nigari was born in the village of Cicimli in then Bargushad district of the Karabakh Khanate.^[2][3] His birth date is variously given in the sources as 1797, 1805, or 1815; the date 1805 (1220 AH) is the most widely cited.^[1][2] His father, Seyyid Rukneddin Efendi (also known as Mir Pasha), was killed when Nigari was only six months old, leaving him to be raised by his mother.

As a child Nigari showed little interest in formal study, preferring horsemanship and arms. It was only at his mother's insistence that, after the age of fifteen, he left his village to study under Mahmud Efendi, an Islamic scholar in Karakash, where he spent five years. He subsequently moved to Sheki to study under Shikest Abdullah Efendi, and also studied in Shamakhi.^[1][2]

Seeking initiation into the Khalidiyya branch of the Naqshbandi order, which was then spreading rapidly through the Caucasus, Nigari set out for Harput and then proceeded to Sivas, where he joined Ismail Sirajuddin Shirvani, a deputy (khalifa) of Khalid al-Baghdadi, the eponym of the Naqshbandiyya-Khalidiyya.^[1] According to a hagiographic tradition, while still a student of Shikest Abdullah Efendi, Nigari received a dream vision in which Ali directed him to seek out Shirvani; when he presented himself before the sheikh, Shirvani greeted him with the words: "Blessed is the one whose murshid is the Shah of Sainthood."^[2] The exact date of his initiation is uncertain; as Shirvani left the Caucasus in 1826, resided in Amasya until 1832, and then in Sivas until 1841, Nigari's initiation can be placed no earlier than the 1830s.^[2]

He returned to Karabakh with Shirvani, then accompanied him back to Sivas when the Russians invaded Dagestan, and subsequently to Amasya.^[1] In 1839, at his sheikh's direction, he entered an extended spiritual retreat (riyazet) at the Gümüşlü Sarachane Madrasa in Amasya. That same year he performed the Hajj pilgrimage, visiting Konya to pay his respects at the tomb of Rumi on the way, and stopping at Basra, Baghdad, Aleppo, and Damascus on his return before arriving in Istanbul and then back to Amasya.^[1][2]

In 1841, at Shirvani's direction, Nigari returned to his homeland in Karabakh to propagate the Naqshbandiyya-Khalidiyya on his sheikh's behalf.^[1] He remained there until 1852, becoming particularly influential among the Karapapak Turks (also known as the Terekeme). He married during this period; his son Sirajuddin, a gifted poet who died young at the age of twenty, was born in Karabakh.^[2] At the outbreak of the Crimean War between the Ottomans and the Russians, Nigari led his followers to Kars to fight on the Ottoman side.^[1] Russian authorities had also briefly imprisoned him after it became known that he was spiritually associated with Sheikh Shamil's circle.^[2]

After his release, Nigari returned to Anatolia, spending three years in Erzurum before traveling to Istanbul in 1855.

During his Istanbul sojourn (1855–1858), Nigari met Mustafa Reshid Pasha, who is mentioned by name in one of his poems. He was reportedly offered the position of sheikh at the Emir Buhari Tekke [tr]in Fatih, which he declined, arranging instead for his disciple Mustafa Sabri Efendi to be appointed.^[2]

Returning from Istanbul to Erzurum, Nigari moved to Amasya in 1866 and shortly thereafter settled in Merzifon, where he taught Quranic exegesis (tafsir) and hadith and continued his spiritual guidance until 1883. His fame attracted large numbers of disciples, including significant communities of Karapapak and northern Caucasian refugees who had migrated to Anatolia in the aftermath of the Crimean War, settling across a broad area from Amasya to Muş and Kars.^[2]

Nigari's frequent and passionate references in his poetry and teaching to the veneration of the Ahl al-Bayt and his open criticism of the Umayyad and Marwanid dynasties attracted hostile attention. Rumours circulated that he cursed the Companions of the Prophet and was engaged in seditious activity; local opponents alleged that his numerous devoted disciples made him capable of leading an insurrection. A petition demanding his removal from Amasya was submitted to the Sublime Porte.^[2] His departure for Harput has also been described as precipitated by a disagreement with the local mufti.^[1]

On 28 February 1885, Nigari departed Merzifon with his family. After a brief stay in Samsun and an unsuccessful intercession at Istanbul — where Koniçeli Kazim Pasha, author of Mekalid-i Ashk, petitioned the Porte on his behalf — he was officially exiled to Harput. He arrived there on 30 May 1885, having traveled via Tokat, Sivas, and Malatya, accompanied by his wife, brother-in-law, nephew, and the disciple Mahmud Efendi.^[2] After a year and a half in Harput, Nigari died there in September 1886. Before his death he requested that his body be returned to Amasya; with the permission of Harput Governor Hasan Pasha, his remains were transported and buried there.^[4]

Nigari's tomb is located adjacent to the Şirvanlı Mosque in Amasya, a mosque built in 1894 by his followers and also known as the Azeris' Mosque. The tomb, constructed in the Ottoman Baroque style, is built of cut stone with a single large dome and four half-domes; its entrance is several steps above ground level. The tomb contains the coffins of Nigari himself, his son Ismail Efendi, and his nephew Mir Hasan Efendi. In the adjoining graveyard lie his two wives, Amine Harulnisa (d. 1910) and Latife Hanim (d. 1909).^[4] The original calligraphic panels inside the tomb were stolen in recent times.