Haplogroup H10e (mtDNA)
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Haplogroup H10e is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. It is defined by mutation C16221T. It is between 5,700[1] and 7,000 years old.[2]
According to Behar et al., the woman who founded this line was estimated to have lived between 2,400 and 7,000 years ago.[2] From a Neolithic burial at the Bom Santo cave (near Lisbon/Portugal), however, we know that H10e existed already at 3735 BCE ± 45 years. Hence H10e is at least 5,753 years old.[1]
Almost a thousand years later an H10e find was associated with a Corded Ware Culture burial in Eulau. The site Eulau, Burgenlandkreis, is located in the valley of the Saale river in Germany. What is interesting to note in this context, is that H10e was first found at the Bom Santo cave which is located near the epicenter of the birth of the Bell Beaker culture. Then the find at Eulau was geographically located at the boundary between the Bell Beaker area of influence and the Corded Ware Culture area of influence. Therefore, we may see evidence that some women of Bell Beaker ethnic origin became part of the Corded Ware Culture.[3]
Descendant branches
Haplogroup H10e has currently three descendent branches, namely H10e1, H10e2 and H10e3, that are recognized by PhyloTree.[4][5] Additional branches, from H10e4 through H10e9, were named by YFull.[6] YFull's H10e5 and H10e8 were later adopted by FamilyTreeDNA, whose Mitotree adds additional branches through H10e46.[7]
Archeological record
Haplogroup H10e has been found at a neolithic site, namely the Bom Santo cave near Lisbon, Portugal. This is the oldest sample of H10 which has ever been found and it has been dated to about 3735 BCE (± 45 years). Out of 14 individuals analyzed there was only a single sample belonging to haplogroup H, namely a migrant male belonging to haplogroup H10e.[2]
In 2008 mitochondrial DNA was extracted from a gravesite in Eulau (2,600 BCE) which has been associated with the Corded Ware Culture. Haplogroup H10e was found in one individual out of nine tested.[8]
Furthermore, H10e has been found in a 10th-century sample from a male individual buried at the Zvonimirovo cemetery site in Croatia.[9]
There is also a strong Viking component with this haplogroup. The following samples from Scandianavia of the Viking age have all been associated with H10e:[10]
| Country | Age | Region | Sex | mtDNA Haplogroup | Laboratory ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden | 900-1050 AD | Gotland | Male | H10e | Gotland_Kopparsvik-212/65 |
| Denmark | 850-900 AD | Sealand | Female | H10e1 | Denmark_Lejre Grav 804 |
| Estonia | 8th century AD | Saaremaa | Male | H10e | Estonia_Salme_I-7 |
| Estonia | 8th century AD | Saaremaa | Male | H10e | Estonia_Salme_II-K |
H10e has been found twice at the medieval Tuukkala archeological site in Finland. The Tuukkala site is located in north eastern Finland and has been dated to 1200 AD – 1400 AD. Two individuals (TU631 and TU645) both shared the same H10e-haplotype.[11]
H10e has also been found in two individuals from the early 17th century at Jamestown, Virginia.[12]