Haplogroup L4
African mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Haplogroup L4 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a small maternal clade primarily restricted to Africa.[2]
| Haplogroup L4 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 90–80 kya |
| Possible place of origin | East Africa |
| Ancestor | L3'4 |
| Descendants | L4a, L4b |
| Defining mutations | 5460, 16362[1] |
L4 is important in East Africa. The highest frequencies are in Tanzania among the Hadza at 60-83% and Sandawe at 48%.[3]
It has two branches, L4a and L4b. Subgroup L4a was formerly called L7 and considered a separate subclade of L3'4'7. It has been recognized as a subclade of L4, with L3 as its outgroup by Behar et al. (2008).[4] The parent clade L3'4 is to have emerged at 106–66 kya.[5] L4 is not much later than this, estimated at 87 kya by Fernandes et al. (2015).[6]
Phylogeny
The following phylogeny is based on van Oven and Kayser (2008).[1]
- L3'4
- L4
- L4a (formerly known as L7), mutations: 195C, 3357, 5460, 10373, 11253, 11344, 11485, 12414, 13174, 14302, 16260.
- L4a1
- L4a1a
- L4a2
- L4a1
- L4b, mutations: 709, 3918.
- L4b1
- L4b2 (formerly known as L3g or L4g)
- L4b2a
- L4b2a1
- L4b2a2
- L4b2a2a
- L4b2a2b
- L4b2b
- L4b2a
- L4a (formerly known as L7), mutations: 195C, 3357, 5460, 10373, 11253, 11344, 11485, 12414, 13174, 14302, 16260.
- L4
