Harposporium anguillulae

Nematophagous fungi occur in a variety of habitats including leaves entering the decomposition phase, soil samples that contain decomposed leaves or in soil samples from agricultural land and they can also be found in pasture land.^[4] The latter possibly relates to the tendency of this species to occur in dung of cow^[4] and sheep^[2] where its nematode hosts are abundant.^[4] The fungus is commonly found in tropical^[4] and warm climates.^[2] It is more commonly encountered in the spring and fall.^[9] The fungus has been isolated from include Brazil,^[2] China,^[4] Florida,^[10] New Zealand,^[8] and eastern Canada.^[11] The fungus tends to be more commonly reported from climate regions subject to monsoons and does not appear to survive cold weather well,^[4] though the predilection of this species for warm damp climates may relate more to the distributions of its hosts.^[2][6]

The fungus is known primarily as a parasite of nematodes and eelworms.^[1] During its life cycle, conidia of the fungus are ingested by eelworms or nematodes and lodge in the pharynx or gut.^[1] Once inside the host, the conidia germinate and begin to colonize the host digestive tract.^[1][2][3] During the initial phases of this process, the host remains alive,^[1] but as the fungus spreads from the gut to the surrounding tissues in the latter stages of infection and the death of the host soon follows.^[1] Conidial production occurs on nematode cadavers by the eruption of conidiophores and conidia through the host cuticle.^[1][2][6]

This fungus has been investigated as a biocontrol agent of agriculturally important nematodes, most notably those responsible for gastrointestinal infection of grazing animals.^[4] These parasitic infections are commonly treated with anthelmintic agents including benimidazole, levamisole and invermectin.^[4] However, increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance have been observed, driving the search for new treatment and prevention options.^[4] Larvae of animal-pathogenic nematodes are found in soil.^[4] The prospect of treating contaminated soils with nematode pathogenic fungi such as H. anguillulae has shown potential to reduce nematode populations.^[9] However, the fungus does not persist in soil following the elimination of nematode populations, potentially limiting its use as a sustainable biocontrol agent.^[2]