Hayal

Hayal was initiated by Theodoros Kasapis, and its first issue appeared on 30 October 1873.^[1] The magazine had four editions.^[1] Its Greek edition was named as O Mauoç’u, and its French edition was titled as Polichinelle.^[1] Kheyal was its Turkish edition with the Armenian letters which produced 10 issues.^[1] Hayal also had a Bulgarian edition first named as Şutos and then Kosturka.^[1] Hayal was the first Ottoman satirical magazine which employed editorial cartoons produced by Nisan Berberyan.^[2] Kasapis's aim in using these cartoons was to reinforce the views expressed in his editorials.^[2]

Throughout its existence Hayal was banned by the Ottoman authorities many times.^[1] The magazine permanently folded by the government on 19 June 1877 after the issue 323 due to its critical cartoons.^[3][4] Theodoros Kasapis went into exile shortly after the closure of Hayal^[3] and restarted the magazine in Paris in 1878.^[2] Hayal moved to London where it appeared until 1895.^[2]