More information Initial consonants, IPA ...
| Initial consonants[i] |
| IPA |
J |
Y |
Examples[ii] |
| f |
f |
[jɐt̚˥ ŋam˨˩ jɐt̚˥ fɐt̚˥] |
| h |
h |
[lej˨˩ hɔŋ˨˩ lej˨˩ lat̚˨] |
| j |
j |
y[iii] |
[fɐt̚˨ tɔw˥ jɐw˨˧ fɔ˨˥] |
| k |
g |
[maj˨˧ siw˨˥ kin˧ siw˨˥] |
| kʰ |
k |
[kʰɛ˨˩ ŋɐw˨˩ wɐn˨˥ ma˨˧] |
| kʷ |
gw |
[mɔŋ˨ tʰin˥ ta˨˥ kʷa˧] |
| kʷʰ |
kw |
[kʷʰɛn˨˩ maj˨˩] |
| l |
l |
[fat̚˧ lɔŋ˥ lɐj˨˥] |
| m |
m |
[lɵɥ˨ jɐn˨˩ lɵɥ˨ mɐt̚˨] |
| n |
n |
[mej˨ jɐw˨˧ nɔj˨˥] |
| ŋ |
ng |
[taj˨ ŋɔn˥ tsi˨˥ ji˨˧] |
| p |
b |
[tsa˧ sɔ˨˩ pan˨ mʊŋ˨˥] |
| pʰ |
p |
[jɐt̚˥ pʰɔw˥ tsʰɪŋ˥ tɔj˨˥] |
| s[iv] |
s |
[lɔk̚˨ sɐw˨˥ lɔk̚˨ kœk̚˧] |
| t |
d |
[mɐn˥ tɔw˥ fɐn˧] |
| tʰ |
t |
[hɔw˨˥ hɔw˨˥ tʰɐj˨˥ tʰɐj˨˥] |
| ts[v] |
z |
j |
[lin˨ tsɛŋ˥ hɔk̚˨ lan˨˧] |
| tsʰ[vi] |
c |
ch |
[mɔw˨˩ tsʰɪŋ˨˩ pak̚˨ si˨] |
| w |
w |
[wa˨ tɐk̚˥ maj˨˩] |
|
| Vocalic finals[i] |
| IPA |
J |
Y |
Examples[ii] |
| a |
aa |
a |
[ŋɔn˥ lɔk̚˨ tsʰa˨˩ fan˨] |
| aj[vii] |
aai |
[jɐn˨˩ sɐj˧ kʷɐj˨˥ taj˨] |
| aw[vii] |
aau |
[lɔw˨˧ maw˥ siw˥ sɔw˥] |
| ɛ |
e |
[fɔ˨˥ tsɛ˥ ŋan˨˧] |
| ej[vii] |
ei |
[lɐm˨˩ mej˨˧ hœŋ˥] |
| ɐj[vii] |
ai |
[tsɐt̚˨ tʰɐw˨˩ tsɐt̚˨ sɐj˧] |
| ɐw[vii] |
au |
[ŋan˧ tsɐw˧] |
| i |
i |
[tɪŋ˨ si˨˩ tɪŋ˨ hɐw˨] |
| iw[vii] |
iu |
[tiw˧ jɐn˨˧] |
| ɔ |
o |
[tsɔw˨ mɔ˨ sɐm˥] |
| œ |
oe |
eu |
[kœ˧ pʰa˨˥] |
| ɔj[vii] |
oi |
[pɔ˥ lɔ˨˩ kɔj˧] |
| ɔw[vii] |
ou |
[tsɔw˨ hɔw˨˥ tsɔw˨ tsʰɐw˨˥] |
| ɵɥ[viii][vii] |
eoi |
eui |
[jɐm˨˥ paw˨˥ sɪk̚˨ tsɵɥ˧] |
| u |
u |
[ku˥ mɐt̚˨ lɵn˨] |
| uj |
ui |
[muj˨˩ fa˥ kan˧ tsʊk̚˥] |
| y |
yu |
[mɔk̚˥ kʷɔŋ˥ tsy˥] |
|
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More information Nasal finals, IPA ...
| Nasal finals[i] |
| IPA |
J |
Y |
Examples[ii] |
| -m |
m̩ |
m |
[pun˨˥ tej˨ kœŋ˥ m̩˨˩ lat̚˨] |
| am |
aam |
[ŋam˨˩ tsʰam˨˩] |
| ɐm |
am |
[jɐm˨˥ tʰɐw˨˩ tam˨ tʰɔŋ˥] |
| im |
im |
[tsim˥ hɔn˨˩ tsim˥ tʊŋ˧] |
| -n |
an |
aan |
[mej˨˩ tsɪŋ˥ ŋan˨˧ kʰej˨˧] |
| ɐn |
an |
[jɐw˨˧ mɐn˨˩ jɐw˨˧ lɔw˨] |
| in |
in |
[lɐj˨˧ ji˥ pin˥] |
| ɵn[viii] |
eon |
eun |
[nɐw˨˥ tsɵn˨ lʊk̚˨ jɐm˨˩] |
| ɔn |
on |
[fat̚˧ tsʰin˨˥ hɔn˨˩] |
| un |
un |
[mɔ˨˥ mun˨˩ tɛŋ˥] |
| yn |
yun |
[ŋan˨˧ jyn˥] |
| -ŋ |
ŋ̍ |
ng |
[ŋ̍˨˧ ŋ̍˨˧ pɔ˥] |
| aŋ |
aang |
[haŋ˨˩ tsʰa˥ tap̚˨ tsʰɔ˧] |
| ɐŋ |
ang |
[tsɐŋ˨ hɪŋ˧] |
| ɛŋ |
eng |
[fɐn˧ lɐj˨˥ kɛŋ˨˥] |
| ɪŋ |
ing |
[tsi˥ tsi˥ tsɪŋ˨˥ tsɪŋ˨˥] |
| ɔŋ |
ong |
[mɔw˨˧ sɐm˥ tsɔŋ˥ tsɔj˧] |
| œŋ |
oeng |
eung |
[jim˨˩ mɛŋ˨ tsʰœŋ˨˩] |
| ʊŋ |
ung |
[kan˧ tsʊŋ˥] |
|
| Checked finals[i] |
| IPA |
J |
Y |
Examples[ii] |
| -p̚ |
ap̚ |
aap |
[mɔw˨˧ tap̚˧ sap̚˧] |
| ɐp̚ |
ap |
[lɔk̚˨ jy˨˧ si˥ sɐp̚˥] |
| ip̚ |
ip |
[tip̚˨ maj˨˩ sɐm˥ sɵɥ˨˥] |
| -t̚ |
at̚ |
aat |
[lat̚˨ tʰat̚˧] |
| ɐt̚ |
at |
[tɔŋ˨ sɐt̚˥ lɔw˨] |
| it̚ |
it |
[pɔk̚˨ tsʰit̚˥ tsʰit̚˥] |
| ɵt̚[viii] |
eot |
eut |
[tsɵt̚˥ tsi˥] |
| ɔt̚ |
ot |
[hɔt̚˧ si˨˧] |
| ut̚ |
ut |
[ŋan˨˧ fut̚˧ tʰɔw˨˧ tsak̚˧] |
| yt̚ |
yut |
[wat̚˨ lyt̚˥ lyt̚˥] |
| -k̚ |
ak̚ |
aak |
[mej˨˩ tʰɐw˨˩ ŋan˨˧ ŋak̚˨] |
| ɐk̚ |
ak |
[jɐt̚˥ jɐt̚˨ tɔw˧ hɐk̚˥] |
| ɛk̚ |
ek |
[mɔ˨˩ lan˨ tsɛk̚˨] |
| ɪk̚ |
ik |
[tɪk̚˥ hej˨˥ sɐm˥ kɔn˥] |
| œk̚ |
oek |
euk |
[tsɔw˨˥ tsɐw˨˥ tsɔw˨˥ tsœk̚˨] |
| ɔk̚ |
ok |
[tɔw˨˥ tsʰin˨˥ lɔk̚˨ hɔj˨˥] |
| ʊk̚ |
uk |
[pʊk̚˨ ji˥ jɐn˥] |
|
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More information Tones, IPA ...
| Tones[ix] |
| IPA |
Numeric contours |
Tonal categories |
J |
Y |
Examples[ii] |
| ˥ |
55 |
陰平 |
◌1 |
ū |
[tɪŋ˨˥ sɐm˥ tɪŋ˨˥ fɐj˧] |
| ˨˥ |
25 |
陰上 |
◌2 |
ú |
[wɐj˥ sɵɥ˨˥ si˨˥] |
| ˧ |
33 |
陰去 |
◌3 |
u |
[lʊŋ˥ lʊŋ˥ la˧ la˧] |
| ˨˩ |
21 |
陽平 |
◌4 |
ùh |
[jim˨˩ tsʰin˨˥ sɛŋ˥] |
| ˨˧ |
23 |
陽上 |
◌5 |
úh |
[mɔw˨˧ ŋa˨˧ tse˥ tʰɐw˨˩] |
| ˨ |
22 |
陽去 |
◌6 |
uh |
[wa˨ tʰɐw˨˩ sɪŋ˨˥ mej˨˧] |
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