Historical nihilism

Historical nihilism has been defined in CCP publications as criticism of the entirety of an entity, such as the CCP, its national heroes, leaders, socialism and its official history, by citing only certain events about the entity without consideration of the whole.^[9][10] Although 'incorrect' interpretations of history would have been censored and punished during the period of Mao Zedong (1949–1976) and Deng Xiaoping (1978–1989), neither leader made a clear attempt to engage against 'historical nihilism' as it is specifically understood today. According to Chinese historian Zhang Lifan, the main push to fight against 'historical nihilism', according to its specific modern meaning, undertaken by the CCP has its origin following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre and coinciding events within the Eastern Bloc. In December of that year, Jiang Zemin made a speech in which he said that bourgeois liberalization had led to the spread of 'national nihilism' and 'historical nihilism', which had entered party thinking and brought about confusion.^[11]

Historical nihilism is one of "The Seven Noteworthy Problems" discussed in the 2012 Communiqué on the Current State of the Ideological Sphere (Document No. 9).^[12][13] It states that the main expressions of historical nihilism are:^[13]

Rejecting the revolution; claiming that the revolution led by the Chinese Communist Party resulted only in destruction; denying the historical inevitability in China's choice of the Socialist road, calling it the wrong path, and the Party's and new China's history a "continuous series of mistakes"; rejecting the accepted conclusions on historical events and figures, disparaging our Revolutionary precursors, and vilifying the Party's leaders. Recently, some people took advantage of Comrade Mao Zedong's 120th birthday in order to deny the scientific and guiding value of Mao Zedong thought. Some people try to cleave apart the period that preceded Reform and Opening from the period that followed, or even to set these two periods in opposition to one another. By rejecting CCP history and the history of New China, historical nihilism seeks to fundamentally undermine the CCP's historical purpose, which is tantamount to denying the legitimacy of the CCP's long-term political dominance.

In 2013, Xi introduced the idea of the "Two Undeniables", which he described as "we must not use the period of history after reform and opening to deny the period of history prior to reform and opening" and we "must not use the period of history before reform and opening to deny the period of history after reform and opening".^[14] This view is sometimes expressed as the motto, "the two thirty years should not negate each other".^[15]: 6

Media and education in China are not legally allowed to represent history in a manner that is forbidden by government censors. In 2018, the Law on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs criminalized speech deemed slander of "heroes and martyrs".^[1][7] The Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China also aimed to combat historical nihilism.^[12] The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences established a specialized unit to propagate an official version of history.^[1] In 2019, the People's Daily, the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, accused New Qing History of "bringing foreign historical nihilism as a theoretical variant into Qing historical research in China."^[16]

The Great Chinese Famine, the Cultural Revolution and 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre are often scrubbed or at least depicted in such a way as to avoid blame on the party.^[11][17] For example, films criticizing Cultural Revolution hardliners were prevalent from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, although they were later banned as historical nihilism.^[18]: 248

In May 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China confirmed it had deleted over 2 million posts for historical nihilism.^[19][20] In 2022, Chinese social media platforms Douban, Douyin, Toutiao and Weibo all announced campaigns against content deemed to be historical nihilism.^[4] Weibo allows users to report certain content on the platform, including historical nihilism.^[21]: 53

In 2023, a previously official history textbook about the Mongols in China was banned for historical nihilism.^[22] Modern Chinese history is generally presented to praise the achievements of the CCP and its role in creating a prosperous 'new China'.^[11]

When Xi Jinping became CCP general secretary and paramount leader in January 2013, he made a speech in which he said, 'The history of the post-reform period cannot be used to contradict the history of the pre-reform period, and the history of the pre-reform period cannot be used to contradict the history of the post-reform period'.^[11] Although China's reforms since the 1980s caused it to radically change and abandon many of the Marxist policies that had existed under Mao Zedong, the official state-sanctioned version of history under Xi Jinping teaches an interpretation of continuity, praising both the contributions made by the CCP of Mao's generation and the CCP of the post-reform period. This is in contrast to interpretations in the period prior to Xi Jinping whereby some of Mao's policies could receive heavy criticism and the official stance of the party was a rejection of the Cultural Revolution, which had been referred to as the 'Ten Year Calamity' (十年浩劫).^[23]

In 2025, the Study Times of the CCP's Central Party School stated that historical nihilism had become "subtle and covert" in an era of artificial intelligence.^[24]

Academics Jian Xu, Qian Gong, and Wen Yin write that the CCP's attention to historical nihilism "has gained momentum in the 21st century due to the rise of market-oriented cultural production in post-socialist China as well as the development of new media technologies."^[28] They cite the TV drama adaptation of "Red Classics" as "a pertinent example of historical nihilism caused by market orientation in cultural production," explaining:^[28]

To produce 'selling points' and increase audience ratings, some of the original works have been greatly revised for more dramatic tension, especially the stories and images of some high-profile revolutionary heroes and CCP leaders. To curb the trend, the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARAFT) issued a notice in 2004, stipulating that all Red Classics TV dramas had to be submitted to the Censorship Committee of SARAFT for final approval after passing the initial censorship at the provincial level.

According to Suisheng Zhao, some contemporary mainland Chinese scholars contend that Western scholars who describe the Qing dynasty as expansionist of engaging in historical nihilism.^[29] In the view of these scholars, some Westerner scholars attempt to emphasize aggressive aspects of the Qing in order to demonstrate that modern China is inevitably aggressive.^[29]

Academic Roland Boer defines several genres of China-related narratives as historical nihilism, citing the "China doomer" narrative exemplified by Gordan G. Chang's The Coming Collapse of China, anti-communist tropes, atrocity propaganda, and "betrayal" narratives in which Deng Xiaoping is cast as bringing capitalism to China.^{[30]: 10–12}

• Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party
• Censorship in China
• Four Confidences
• Two Cannot be Denied