Huzhou dialect
Variety of Wu Chinese spoken in Huzhou, China
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Huzhounese, or the Huzhou dialect (simplified Chinese: 湖州话; traditional Chinese: 湖州話; pinyin: Húzhōuhuà, known locally as 湖州闲话; 湖州閒話), is a variety of Wu Chinese spoken in the city of Huzhou, Zhejiang.[1] It belongs to either the Suhujia (蘇湖嘉) or Tiaoxi (also spelt Shaoxi, 苕溪) cluster of Northern Wu,[2] making it highly mutually intelligible with other Northern Wu varieties such as Suzhounese and Shanghainese.
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Sinitic
- Chinese
- Wu
- Northern Wu
- Suhujia/Tiaoxi
- Huzhounese
- Suhujia/Tiaoxi
- Northern Wu
- Wu
- Chinese
| Huzhounese | |
|---|---|
| Huzhou dialect | |
| 湖州闲话; 湖州閒話; ghou-cieu-ghe-o | |
| Pronunciation | [ɦə̀u tɕiʏ̀ ɦè ó] |
| Native to | People's Republic of China |
| Region | Huzhou |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | huzh1239 |
Phonology
The romanization used henceforth is Wugniu. For cross-linguistic information, see Northern Wu phonology.
Initials
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ɲ ⟨gn⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | ||
| Plosive | plain | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | (ʔ) | |
| aspirated | pʰ ⟨ph⟩ | tʰ ⟨th⟩ | kʰ ⟨kh⟩ | |||
| voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | ɡ ⟨g⟩ | |||
| Affricate | plain | ts ⟨ts⟩ | tɕ ⟨c⟩ | |||
| aspirated | tsʰ ⟨tsh⟩ | tɕʰ ⟨ch⟩ | ||||
| voiced | dz (dz) | dʑ ⟨j⟩ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ɕ ⟨sh⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | |
| voiced | v ⟨v⟩ | z ⟨z⟩ | ɦ ⟨gh⟩, ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩ | |||
| Lateral | l ⟨l⟩ | |||||
Much like other Northern Wu varieties, all voiced phones in Huzhounese carry breathy voice.[3] Sonorants can further be realised with glottalization when paired with dark (陰) tones.[7][8] The voiced glottal fricative /ɦ/ and null initial form a voicing pair, though unlike other Northern Wu varieties, this initial cannot co-occur with the light rising (陽上) and light departing (陽去) tones, instead only truly surfacing when co-occurring with the light level (陽平) and light checked (陽入) tones.[9] Compare 號: Huzhounese au5, Shanghainese ghau6, Ningbonese ghau6.
Alveolo-palatals, when appearing before -ieu, has been suggested to instead be realised as postalveolars [tʃ tʃʰ dʒ ʃ ʒ]. Note that this is fed by the frication of -ieu.[3]
Finals
| Medial | Nucleus | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∅ | a | ɔ | o | ʏ | e | ei | əu | ã | ɑ̃ | ən | oŋ | aʔ | oʔ | əʔ | |
| ∅ | ɿ ⟨y⟩ | a ⟨a⟩ | ɔ ⟨au⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ | øʏ ⟨eu⟩ | e ⟨e⟩ | ei ⟨ei⟩ | əu ⟨ou⟩ | ã ⟨an⟩ | ɑ̃ ⟨aon⟩ | ən ⟨en⟩ | oŋ ⟨on⟩ | aʔ ⟨aq⟩ | oʔ ⟨oq⟩ | əʔ ⟨eq⟩ |
| i | i ⟨i⟩ | ia ⟨ia⟩ | iɔ ⟨iau⟩ | iʏ ⟨ieu⟩ | ie ⟨ie⟩ | iã ⟨ian⟩ | iɑ̃ ⟨iaon⟩ | in ⟨in⟩ | ioŋ ⟨ion⟩ | iaʔ ⟨iaq⟩ | ioʔ ⟨ioq⟩ | iɪʔ ⟨iq⟩ | |||
| u | u ⟨u⟩ | ua ⟨ua⟩ | ue ⟨ue⟩ | uei ⟨uei⟩ | uã ⟨uan⟩ | uɑ̃ ⟨uaon⟩ | uən ⟨uen⟩ | uaʔ ⟨uaq⟩ | uəʔ ⟨ueq⟩ | ||||||
Huzhounese also has liquid rimes /əl ~ ɚ/, /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/.
The transcriptions above are broad and primarily based on that of Akamatsu (1991). The following are some phonetic and phonotactic notes regarding the rimes.
- There appears to be a chain shift in some speakers where -i merged with -y, subsequently leading to -ie being realised as /i/.[4][14]
- -ie itself can be realised as [iɪ].
- -ieu similarly may be fricated, yielding [ʯ].
- There is significant rounding recorded in the -aon rime series, yielding [ɒ̃ ~ ɔ̃].
- -ei has large variation in realisation from speaker to speaker, with, for instance, [əi][12] and [eɨ],[9] both being valid realisations.
- The nasal element of the rimes -en, -in, and -uen is in free variation with [ŋ].
- The nucleus of the -e rime series can be lowered to [ɛ].
- The nucleus of the -a rime series can be backed.
Tones
In general, light tones only appear with voiced initials, whereas dark tones only appear with voiceless initials. Note, however, that sonorants tend to appear with dark instead of light tones. Further notes are as follows:
- The realization of the two rising tones and two departing tones are often very similar, at times even indistinguishable.
- There is a slight rise at the end of the two rising tones, i.e. [˦˨˧] 423 and [˧˩˨] 312.
- The light level and dark departing tones are in reality lengthened, yielding [˩˩˧] 113 and [˧˧˥] 335 respectively.
- The two checked tones can in fact be overlong for emphasis, yielding [˥˧˦] 534 and [˩˩˧] 113.
Tone sandhi
Like other Northern Wu varieties, Huzhounese has a complex system of tone sandhi. Bisyllabic chain patterns are as follows. Columns show the underlying tone category of the first syllabe, whereas rows show the underlying tone category of the second syllable.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 44 44 ˦ ˦ | 44 4 ˦ ˦ | ||||||||||
| 2 | 11 23 ˩ ˨˧ | 11 23 ˩ ˨˧ | ||||||||||
| 3 | 42 23 ˦˨ ˨˧ | 42 23 ˦˨ ˨˧ | ||||||||||
| 4 | 33 11 ˧ ˩ | 33 11 ˧ ˩ | 33 11 ˧ ˩ | 33 1 ˧ ˩ | ||||||||
| 11 31 ˩ ˧˩ | ||||||||||||
| 5 | 33 35 ˧ ˧˥ | 33 35 ˧ ˧˥ | ||||||||||
| 6 | 21 24 ˨˩ ˨˦ | 21 24 ˨˩ ˨˦ | 21 24 ˨˩ ˨˦ | |||||||||
| 21 53 ˨˩ ˥˧ | ||||||||||||
| 7 | 3 55 ˧ ˥ | 3 53 ˧ ˥˧ | 5 23 ˥ ˨˧ | 3 53 ˧ ˥˧ | ||||||||
| 8 | 1 44 ˩ ˦ | 1 44 ˩ ˦ | 1 4 ˩ ˦ | |||||||||
| 3 12 ˧ ˩˨ | ||||||||||||