IPHWR-220
Indian nuclear reactor design
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The IPHWR-220 (Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor-220) is an Indian pressurized heavy-water reactor designed by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.[1] It is a Generation II reactor developed from earlier CANDU based RAPS-1 and RAPS-2 reactors built at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. It can generate 220 MW of electricity. Currently, there are 14 units operational at various locations in India. It is being used as a base for designing the Bharat small modular reactor (BSMR), for captive use by companies.[2]
| IPHWR-220 Reactor Class | |
|---|---|
Kaiga Atomic Power Plant, showing four IPHWR-220 reactors | |
| Generation | Generation II reactor |
| Reactor concept | pressurized heavy-water reactor |
| Reactor line | IPHWR (Indian Pressurized Heavy-water Reactor) |
| Designed by | Bhabha Atomic Research Centre |
| Manufactured by | PPED, DAE (now part of NPCIL) |
| Status | 14 Operational |
| Main parameters of the reactor core | |
| Fuel (fissile material) | 235U (NU/SEU/LEU) |
| Fuel state | Solid |
| Neutron energy spectrum | Thermal |
| Primary control method | control rods |
| Primary moderator | Heavy water |
| Primary coolant | Heavy water |
| Reactor usage | |
| Primary use | Generation of electricity |
| Power (thermal) | 754.5 MWth |
| Power (electric) | 220 MWe |
The IPHWR design was later expanded into 540 MW and 700 MW designs, as well as the AHWR-300 design.
Reactor fleet
| Power station | Location | Operation start | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| MAPS-1 | Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu | 27 January 1984 | Operational |
| MAPS-2 | 21 March 1986 | ||
| NAPS-1 | Narora, Uttar Pradesh | 1 January 1991 | |
| NAPS-2 | 1 July 1992 | ||
| KAPS-1 | Kakrapar, Gujarat | 6 May 1993 | |
| KAPS-2 | 1 September 1995 | ||
| RAPS-3 | Rawatbhata, Rajasthan | 1 June 2000 | |
| RAPS-4 | 23 December 2000 | ||
| RAPS-5 | 4 February 2010 | ||
| RAPS-6 | 31 March 2010 | ||
| KGS-1 | Kaiga, Karnataka | 6 November 2000 | |
| KGS-2 | 6 May 2000 | ||
| KGS-3 | 6 May 2007 | ||
| KGS-4 | 27 November 2010 |
Technical specifications
| Specifications | IPHWR-220[3] | IPHWR-540[4][5][6][7] | IPHWR-700[8] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thermal output, MWth | 754.5 | 1730 | 2166 |
| Active power, MWe | 220 | 540 | 700 |
| Efficiency, net % | 27.8 | 28.08 | 29.08 |
| Coolant temperature, °C: | ? | ||
| core coolant inlet | 249 | 266 | |
| core coolant outlet | 293.4 | 310 | |
| Primary coolant material | Heavy Water | ||
| Secondary coolant material | Light Water | ||
| Moderator material | Heavy Water | ||
| Reactor operating pressure, kg/cm2 (g) | 87 | 100 | |
| Active core height, cm | 508.5 | 594 | 594 |
| Equivalent core diameter, cm | 451 | - | 638.4 |
| Average fuel power density | 9.24 KW/KgU | 235 MW/m3 | |
| Average core power density, MW/m3 | 10.13 | 12.1 | |
| Fuel | Sintered Natural UO2 pellets | ||
| Cladding tube material | Zircaloy-2 | Zircaloy-4 | |
| Fuel assemblies | 3672 | 5096 | 4704 fuel bundles in 392 channels |
| Number of fuel rods in assembly | 19 elements in 3 rings | 37 | 37 elements in 4 rings |
| Enrichment of reload fuel | 0.7% U-235 | ||
| Fuel cycle length, Months | 24 | 12 | |
| Average fuel burnup, MW · day / ton | 6700 | 7500 | 7050 |
| Control rods | SS/Co | Cadmium/SS | |
| Neutron absorber | Boric Anhydride | Boron | |
| Residual heat removal system | Active: Shutdown cooling system
Passive: Natural circulation through steam generators |
Active: Shutdown cooling system
Passive: Natural circulation through steam generators and Passive Decay heat removal system | |
| Safety injection system | Emergency core cooling system | ||