Ibrahim I Nikale
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c. 1290–1311[a]
"Dískama"
| Ibrahim I Nikale | |
|---|---|
| Mai of the Kanem–Bornu Empire | |
| Reign | 13th/14th century (1–21 years) c. 1290–1311[a] |
| Predecessor | Dirke Kelem |
| Successor | Abdullah II Kademi |
| Died | c. 1311 "Dískama" |
| Spouse | Hafsa Fatima |
| Issue | Idris I Nikalemi Dawud Nikalemi |
| Dynasty | Sayfawa dynasty |
| Father | Biri II Ibrahim |
| Mother | Kagudi |
al-Ḥājj Ibrahim Nikale (Ibrāhīm Nikale bin Biri[1]), enumerated as Ibrahim I,[2][b] was mai (ruler) of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in the late 13th and/or early 14th century, ruling approximately 1290–1311.[a]
Ibrahim Nikale was a son of mai Biri II Ibrahim.[5] His mother was named Kagudi[5] and came from the tribe of the "Kúnkuna".[7] A grandson of mai Dunama II Dibalemi,[5] Ibrahim succeeded his uncle Dirke Kelem as mai[5] in the late 13th century.[1] Ibrahim's father and uncles had been engaged in a succession conflict prior to his rise to the throne and reigned in quick succession.[5]
Ibrahim was faced with succession conflicts of his own. At some point in his reign, Ibrahim had one of his sons killed, probably because this son had revolted against him.[7] Ibrahim at some point made a pilgrimage to Mecca, and is therefore given the honorific al-Ḥājj in some sources.[7]
After a reign of about twenty years,[a] Ibrahim was murdered by the yerima (a high official) Muhammad bin Ghadi[7][6] at a site recorded as Dískama.[7] Muhammad had Ibrahim's body thrown in the Wau River[7] and power in the empire passed to Ibrahim's cousin Abdullah II Kademi.[5]
Notes
- 1 2 3 King lists (girgams) and chronicles translated in the 19th–20th centuries assign Ibrahim a reign of 1 year (Nachtigal), 20 years (Barth, Urvoy, Landeroin), or 21 years (Palmer).[5] Due to this and to differing dates and calculations for other mais, various dates have been given for his reign, including 1307–1326 (Barth), 1300–1321 (Palmer), 1281–1301 (Urvoy), 1304–1324 (Landeroin), and 1367–1368 (Nachtigal).[5] Cohen (1966) considered a reign of 20 years most likely.[5] Lange (1984) dated Ibrahim's reign to 1296–1315,[6] Stewart (1989) dated it to 1307–1326,[2] and Bosworth (2012) dated it to 1290–1311.[1]
- ↑ Ibrahim Nikale has also historically and rarely also been enumerated as Ibrahim II, counting the empire's legendary second ruler Biram as Ibrahim I.[3] Later rulers named Ibrahim have their regnal numbers increased in this case.[3] Modern sources enumerate Ibrahim Nikale as Ibrahim I.[2][4]
References
- 1 2 3 Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2012) [1996]. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-7486-2137-8.
- 1 2 3 Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers: An Encyclopedia of Native, Colonial and Independent States and Rulers Past and Present. McFarland & Company. p. 146.
- 1 2 Stokvis, A. M. H. J. (1888). Manuel d'histoire, de généalogie et de chronologie de tous les états du globe, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours (in French). Brill. p. 484.
- ↑ Truhart, Peter (1984). Regenten Der Nationen. Saur. p. 28. ISBN 978-3-598-10492-3.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cohen, Ronald (1966). "The Bornu King Lists". Boston University Papers on Africa: Volume II: African History. Boston University Press. pp. 57, 62, 80.
- 1 2 Lange, Dierk (1984). "The kingdoms and peoples of Chad". In Niane, Djibril Tamsir (ed.). General history of Africa, IV: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century. University of California. pp. 261–263. ISBN 978-92-3-101710-0.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Barth, Heinrich (1857). Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a Journal of an Expedition Undertaken under the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849–1855. Longmans. p. 638.