Iskandar-i Shaykhi

After Kiya Afrasiyab's death, some of his supporters returned to Amul and took with them two of his grandsons and Iskandar. Together, they first escaped to Larijan, where they hoped to be allowed refuge with their relative Kiya Hasan Kiya Damandar. At first, their request was declined, but Kiya Hasan later changed his mind, and granted them the districts of Ghazak and Sinak. Their stay was short-lived; the income from these districts proved insufficient, and thus one of Kiya Afrasiyab's men, Nur al-Din, took the young princes, together with some of their supporters, to the city of Shiraz in Fars and then to Sabziwar in Khorasan. There they pledged their service to the Sarbadarid ruler Ali ibn Mu'ayyad (r. 1362–1376, 1379–1386), who had rebelled against the Kartid ruler Ghiyath al-Din II (r. 1370–1389), who was based in Herat. Two different accounts are given about Iskandar during this event. According to the contemporary historian Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi (d. 1489), himself a member of the Mar'ashi family, he shifted his allegiance to Ghiyath al-Din II in 1374, because "treachery was in his nature."^[2]

After Ali ibn Mu'ayyad was defeated and killed, Iskandar settled in Herat. There he was present when the Turco-Mongol ruler Timur (r. 1370–1405) besieged it in 1381. He subsequently betrayed Ghiyath al-Din II and handed the city over to Timur. According to the account of the Persian historian Hafiz-i Abru (d. 1430), it was the Kartids, and not Sarbadarids that Iskandar first joined. He was successful in the Kartid efforts against Ali ibn Mu'ayyad, and was as a result rewarded with the governorship of the city of Nishapur. In 1375, Iskandar betrayed Ghiyath al-Din II by joining an anti-Kartid rebellion supported by local dervishes and the Muzaffarid ruler in Shiraz, Shah Shoja Mozaffari (r. 1358–1384). The rebellion failed, but Ghiyath al-Din II ultimately pardoned Iskandar, who remained in Herat until its capture by Timur.^[2]

Regardless, after the fall of Herat, Iskandar entered into the service of Timur.^[2][1] According to the Tarikh-i Tabaristan, he encouraged the latter to conquer Mazandaran by talking of its wealth and riches.^[4] While Iskandar had been away, the whole of Mazandaran had been conquered by the Mar'ashis, who now ruled a realm reaching as far west to the city of Qazvin.^[5][6] They had deposed the Baduspanid family in Rustamdar, but installed one of Jalal al-Dawla Iskandar's sons, Sa'd al-Dawla Tus on the throne to challenge Iskandar and Timur. However, Tus secretly corresponded with Iskandar, and eventually joined the forces of Timur in 1392. The following year (1393), Timur dislodged the Mar'ashis and conquered Mazandaran. He then entrusted Amul to Iskandar and Sari to Jamshid Qarin Ghuri.^[1][2][7] Tus managed to convince Timur to spare the Mar'ashi family, who were sent into exile in Transoxiana instead.^[6][5] Iskandar had the tomb of Mir-i Buzurg in Amul destroyed, which led to many people to move to Sari.^[7]

When Iskandar left his realm in 1399/1400 to join Timur's Azerbaijan expedition, the latter deprived the Baduspanids of most of their holdings by sending his troops to administer most of Rustamdar. The holdings of the new Baduspanid ruler Kayumarth I were now restricted to that of the castle of Nur.^[6][8] After his return to the Alburz castle of Firuzkuh in c. 1402, Iskandar staged a rebellion against Timur, who sent a force to subdue him. The commanders of the force requested the help of Kayumarth, due to his reputation as a rival of Iskandar. However, they had him deceived by capturing and sending him to Iskandar as a bargaining chip to convince him to cease his rebellion. However, Iskandar instantly had Kayumarth released, who left for the court of Timur's son at Shiraz.^[8][6]

Iskandar was either killed by a Timurid army in 1403/4 at Shir-rud-duhazar, or committed suicide in Firuzkuh to avoid capture. Timur appointed the Mar'ashi Sayyid Ali Sari as the governor of Amul, with his brother Ghiyath al-Din as his second-in-command. He pardoned Iskandar's two sons Kiya Ali and Kiya Husayn I, allowing the latter to retain control over Firuzkuh. After Timur's death in 1405, the Mar'ashis started to gradually assert their rule over their former territories.^[9][7][2]

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• Yavari, Neguin (2015). "Afrāsiyābids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.

Preceded by Rida al-Din (Marashis)	Afrasiyabid ruler 1393–1403	Succeeded by Kiya Husayn I