The Los Angeles Dodgers selected Rhame in the sixth round of the 2013 Major League Baseball draft.[5] He signed with the Dodgers and made his professional debut with the Ogden Raptors. In 2014, Rhame played for the Great Lakes Loons.[6] He appeared in 51 games and had a 2.01 ERA, 90 strikeouts and nine saves over 67 innings.[7] Rhame was assigned to the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes of the California League to start the 2015 season.[8] He was later promoted to the AA Tulsa Drillers, where he was 3–3 with a 3.06 ERA in 39 games.[7] The Dodgers invited him to major league spring training in 2016[9] and assigned him to the Triple-A Oklahoma City Dodgers to start the season.[10] He was 1–7 with a 3.29 ERA in 54 appearances and recorded seven saves.[7] The Dodgers added him to their 40-man roster after the season.[11] He appeared in 54 games for Oklahoma City and was 1–7 with a 3.29 ERA.[7]
On August 20, 2017, the Dodgers sent Rhame to the New York Mets as the player to be named later in the trade that sent Curtis Granderson to the Dodgers.[12] The Mets promoted Rhame to the major leagues on September 1.[13][14] Rhame made his Major League debut on September 2, 2017 in a scoreless outing against the Houston Astros at Minute Maid Park.[15]
On March 25, 2018, the Mets announced that Rhame had made the Opening Day roster.[16]
On April 23, 2019, Rhame threw a pitch over the head of Rhys Hoskins, causing both benches to clear. Two days later, Rhame received a 2-game suspension. On August 13, 2019, Rhame underwent ulnar nerve transposition surgery, ending his season.[17]
On July 8, 2020, Rhame was claimed off waivers by the Los Angeles Angels. He did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[18] Rhame became a free agent on November 2.[19]
On December 14, 2020, Rhame signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres organization.[20] On April 28, 2021, Rhame was released by the Padres without appearing in a game for the organization.[21]
On August 23, 2021, Rhame signed with the Cleburne Railroaders of the American Association of Professional Baseball.[22] Rhame started for Cleburne that day, surrendering 5 runs in 1+1⁄3 innings pitched, and was released by the team the next day.