Jan Baptist Xavery
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Jan Baptist Xavery (30 March 1697, in Antwerp – 19 July 1742, in Antwerp) was a Flemish sculptor principally active in the Dutch Republic.[1] He produced portrait busts, large scale statues for residences and gardens, church furniture, wall decorations, tomb monuments as well as small scale statuettes in boxwood, lime wood, ivory and terracotta. The latter were made for elite collectors who liked to admire such objects in the privacy of their homes.[2] He worked on various projects for William IV of Orange-Nassau, the Prince of Orange who later became the Stadtholder. He is regarded as the leading sculptor active in the Dutch Republic in the first half if the 18th century.[3]
He was the son of the sculptor Albert Xavery and Catharina Maria Herry (Herri). He had a younger brother called Gerardus Josephus who became a painter. His father probably taught him before he entered the studio of Michiel van der Voort the Elder.[1] Van der Voort operated a large workshop in Antwerp which produced Baroque church furniture for the principal churches in Flanders.[4] He stayed in the van der Voort workshop until moving to Vienna in 1719.[5]
From there he went to Italy where he was in Rome. Instead of returning to his home country he settled in The Hague in the Dutch Republic. He likely arrived in The Hague in 1721 where he is recorded as paying in June 1721 his half master's money as a sculptor to the local artists' guild, the Confrerie Pictura. His decision to settle in this city may have to do with the activities of the French architect Daniel Marot. Marot was at that time leading many construction and decorative projects in The Hague for which he hired many artists from abroad. There were no sculptors of quality in the city which meant Xavery had hardly any competition.[3]
In 1725 he obtained the citizenship of The Hague and married Maria Christina Robart, a daughter of the goldsmith Claude Robart. The couple had three daughters and three sons. His sons Frans and Jacob would go on to become painters. His three daughters were reportedly all painters but their work is not known.[6] In November 1725 he became a full member of the Confrerie Pictura in The Hague.[5]
From 1725 the first known works he created in the Dutch Republic can be identified. His studio was located in his home on the Zuidoost Buitensingel.[5] In initially he created garden statues, an activity he would continue throughout his career.[7] In 1633, he was one of the artists who worked under the direction of Daniel Marot on the refurbishment of Huis ten Bosch, the residence in The Hague of William IV of Orange-Nassau, the Prince of Orange who later became the Stadtholder. In that project he was responsible, among other things, for the wood carvings in the White Dining Room.[5] He would later also create chimney pieces.[8] One of these, representing Apollo and the Cumaean Sibyl was later removed by the French occupiers and later moved to the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam. He also interceded on behalf of Jacob de Wit for a commission to paint a chimney piece, the frame for which was carved by Xavery.[3] Xavery made marble busts for Prince William IV of Orange-Nassau in 1733 and for the Prince's wife Princess Anne of Hanover in 1736 (Mauritshuis, The Hague). Although he clearly worked on various commissions for the Prince of Orange, no documents which show that he was officially appointed in the service of the Prince have been traced to date.[9]
In addition, he was able to obtain commissions from the civil authorities. He was involved in the decoration of the Old City Hall of The Hague for which he created allegorical figures of Prudentia and Justitia. In the same city hall he made the marble overdoor pieces of the alderman's and justice rooms.[3] He was also active as a dealer in garden statues created by other artists.[7] In 1739 he obtained the commission for a chimney piece for the residence in Leiden of Diederik Baron van Leyden, the regent of Leiden.[10]
There is some evidence, too, that he worked briefly around 1737 for Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel.[11]
In 1641 and 1642, Xavery was paid for various works he had made for Breda Castle, owned by the Stadhholder family. One of the works was a statue of Mars, that stood on the ridge of the stairs in the courtyard of the castle. He reportedly injured himself while placing this statue of Mars and not long after on 19 July 1742 he died in his native city of Antwerp where he was staying with family.[5] His widow continued the business after his death and the workshop is known to have produced throne chairs into the 1750s.[8]
The sculptor Pieter Xavery who worked in Leiden was his great-uncle.[11] His brother Gerard Joseph was an etcher and painter who was also active in the Dutch Republic.[12] Willem Hendrik van der Wall and Olof Arenius were his pupils.[1]
He was well connected with the literary and artistic circles of his time and his friends included Lambert ten Kate, Hubert Poot, Jacob de Wit, Balthasar Denner and Olof Arenius. When he died poets Jacob Spex and Dirk Smits wrote elegies for him. The Flemish sculptor Johannes Franciscus Maes was a collaborator in his workshop and would continue to work in the Dutch Republic after his death.[3]
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