Japanese pitch accent rules (non-common nouns)

Given names

All bimoraic given names are initial accented,^[1] and some have different accent from the common nouns or verbs from which they derive:

• momo → Momo (桃; 'a peach → Momo'): /momo → mómo/
• hana → Hana (花; 'a flower → Hana'): /haná → hána/
• natsu → Natsu (夏; 'summer → Natsu'): /natsɯ́ → nátsɯ/
• haru → Hatsu (春; 'springtime → Haru'): /háɾɯ/
• chiyo → Chiyo (千代; 'a thousand years → Chiyo'): /cɕíjo/
• Miyo (美代): /míjo/
• Emi (恵美): /émi/
• ryū → Ryū (竜; 'a dragon → Ryū'): /ɾjɯ́R/
• Tetsu (哲): /tétsɯ/
• teru → Teru (照る; 'shines → Teru'): /téɾɯ/
• Takahama Kyoshi (高浜虚子): /takahama (|) kjóɕi ~ takáhama | kjóɕi/
• Kawai Sora (河合曾良): /kawai (|) sóɾa/
• Tokutomi Roka (徳富蘆花): /tokɯ̥tómi | ɾóka ~ tokɯ̥tomi ɾóka/
• Fujiwara no Sari ~ Fujiwara no Sukemasa (藤原佐理): /ɸɯʑiwaɾa no (|) sáɾi ~ ɸɯʑiwaɾa no (|) sɯ̥kémasa/
• Ibu (イブ; 'Eve'): /íbɯ/
• Jon (ジョン; 'John'): /ʑóN/

Most trimoraic names derived from common nouns or other types of names retain the original accent:

• iwao → Iwao (巌; 'a big rock → Iwao'): /iwao/
• makoto → Makoto (誠; 'sincerity → Makoto'): /makoto/
• kasumi → Kasumi (霞; 'mist → Kasumi'): /kasɯmi/
• sanae → Sanae (早苗; 'a rice seedling → Sanae'): /sanae/
• Yayoi (弥生; 'the third lunar month of the year → Yayoi'): /jajoi/
• tamaki → Tamaki (環; 'a beaded bracelet → Tamaki'): /támaki/
• midori → Midori (緑; 'green → Midori'): /mídoɾi/
• But: sakura → Sakura (桜; 'a cherry blossom → Sakura'): /sakɯɾa → sákɯɾa/

All trimoraic names derived from verbs are unaccented:

• kaoru → Kaoru (薫る→薫; 'is fragrant → Kaoru'): /kaoɾɯ/
• susumu → Susumu (進む→進; 'advances → Susumu'): /sɯsɯmɯ/
• isamu → Isamu (勇む→勇; 'is spirited → Isamu'): /isámɯ → isamɯ/
• osamu → Osamu (治む→治; 'governs → Osamu'): /osámɯ → osamɯ/
• tōru → Tōru (透る→透; 'penetrates → Tōru'): /tóRɾɯ → toRɾɯ/
• tamotsu → Tamotsu (保つ→保; 'preserves → Tamotsu'): /tamótsɯ → tamotsɯ/
• hajime → Hajime (初め→一; 'beginning → Hajime'): /haʑime/

All trimoraic names derived from adjectives and adjectival nouns are initial-accentedL

• takeshi → Takeshi (猛し→猛; 'is brave → Takeshi'): /tákeɕi/
• tadashi → Tadashi (正し→正; 'is righteous → Tadashi'): /tadáɕi → tádaɕi/
• shizuka → Shizuka (静か→静; 'quiet → Shizuka'): /ɕízɯka/
• yutaka → Yutaka (豊か→豊; 'abundant → Yutaka'): /jɯ́taka/
• akiraka → Akira (明らか→明; 'bright → Akira'): /akíɾaka → ákiɾa/

Some feminine names often spelt only with kana are unaccented: Hiromi (ひろみ; /hiɾomi/), Naomi (なおみ; /naomi/), Masumi (ますみ; /masɯmi/), etc.

Foreign trimoraic names tend to be initial-accented: Jōji (ジョージ; /ʑóRʑi/ 'George'), Adamu (アダム; /ádamɯ/ 'Adam'), Marī (マリー; /máɾiR/ 'Marie'), Maria (マリア; /máɾia/ 'Mary ~ Maria'), Dante (ダンテ; /dáNte/ 'Dante'), Anne (アンネ; /áNne/ 'Anne', German: /ˈʔanə/), etc.

Family names

Most trimoraic or shorter family names are initial-accented, and some may have different accent from the common nouns they derive from:^[8]

• oka → Oka (岡; 'a hill → Oka'): /oka → óka/
• taki → Taki (滝; 'a waterfall → Taki'): /taki → táki/
• nishi → Nishi (西; 'west → Nishi'): /niɕi → níɕi/
• minami → Minami (南; 'south → Minami'): /minami → mínami/
• shima → Shima (島; 'an island → Shima'): /ɕimá → ɕíma/
• higashi → Higashi (東; 'east → Higashi'): /hiɡaɕi ~ hiɡaɕí → híɡaɕi/
• Azuma (東; 'Kantō → Azuma'): /ázɯma/
• hara → Hara (原; 'a plain → Hara'): /háɾa/
• Ri (李; 'Lee'): /ɾí/
• Ī (イー; 'Lee', Korean: /i/): /íR/
• Ō (王; 'Wang'): /óR/
• Kin (金; 'Jin'): /kíN/
• Kimu (キム; 'Kim', Korean: /kim/): /kímɯ/
• Chin (陳; 'Chen'): /cɕíN/
• But:
  • ogawa → Ogawa (小川; 'a stream → Ogawa'): /oɡawa/
  • kubo → Kubo (窪・久保; 'a hollow → Kubo'): /kɯbo ~ kɯ́bo/
  • kido → Kido (木戸; 'a gate → Kido'): /kído → kído ~ kido/
  • shiba → Shiba (芝; 'a lawn → Shiba'): /ɕiba → ɕiba ~ ɕíba/
  • date → Date (伊達; 'elegance → Date'): /date ~ daté → date/
  • tsuji → Tsuji (辻; 'an intersection → Tsuji'): /tsɯʑi/
  • baba → Baba (馬場; 'a racecourse → Baba'): /bába ~ baba → baba/
  • hori → Hori (堀; 'a moat → Hori'): /hoɾí → hoɾi ~ hóɾi/
  • mori → Mori (森; 'a forest → Mori'): /moɾi → moɾi ~ móɾi/
  • hayashi → Hayashi (林; 'a grove → Hayashi'): /hajaɕi ~ hajaɕí → hajaɕi/

Western names generally follow the antepenultimate rule: Shō (ショー; /ɕóR/ 'Shaw'), Sumisu (スミス; /sɯ́misɯ/ 'Smith'), Dāwin (ダーウィン; /dáRwiN/ 'Darwin'), Nyūton (ニュートン; /njɯ́RtoN/ 'Newton'), Chāchiru (チャーチル; /cɕáRcɕiɾɯ/ 'Churchill'), Gēte (ゲーテ; /ɡéRte/ 'Goethe'), Bahha (バッハ; /báQha/ 'Bach'), Menderu (メンデル; /méNdeɾɯ/ 'Mendel'), Gohho (ゴッホ; /ɡóQho/ 'Goch'), Shopan (ショパン; /ɕópaN/ 'Chopin'), Rusō (ルソー; /ɾɯ́soR/ 'Rousseau'), Kyūrī (キューリー; /kjɯ́RɾiR/ 'Curie'), Dekaruto (デカルト; /dekáɾɯto/ 'Descartes'), do Gōru (ドゴール; /do ɡóRɾɯ/ 'de Gaulle'), Ganjī (ガンジー; /ɡáNʑiR/ 'Gandhi'), etc.

• Although a few retain the accent in the source languages:
  • English: Edison /ˈɛdɪsən/ → Ejison (エジソン) /éʑisoN/
  • German:
    • Marx /maʁks/ → Marukusu (マルクス) /máɾɯkɯ̥sɯ/
    • Schubert /ˈʃuːbəʁt/ → Shūberuto (シューベルト) /ɕɯ́Rbeɾɯto ~ ɕɯRbéɾɯto/
  • French: Sartre /saʁtʁ(ə)/ → Sarutoru (サルトル) /sáɾɯtoɾɯ/

Full names and dvandvas

Placenames

Many placenames in Tokyo and nearby areas are unaccented,^[14] which conforms to the aforementioned principle of deaccentuating high-frequency or familiar words: Edo (江戸; /edo/), Mita (三田; /mita/), Ueno (上野; /ɯeno/), Kanda (神田; /kaNda/), Ginza (銀座; /ɡiNza/), Shibuya (渋谷; /ɕibɯja/), Nakano (中野; /nakano/), Edogawa (江戸川; /edoɡawa/), Shinjuku (新宿; /ɕiNʑɯkɯ/), etc.

A select few western placenames, some borrowed earlier on, are also unaccented:^[15] Porutogaru (ポルトガル; /poɾɯtoɡaɾɯ/; 'Portugal'), Igirisu (イギリス; /iɡiɾisɯ/; 'England ~ the UK'), Furansu (フランス; /ɸɯɾaNsɯ/; 'France'), Ejiputo (エジプト; /eʑipɯ̥to/; 'Egypt'), Amerika (アメリカ; /ameɾika/; 'America'), Afurika (アフリカ; /aɸɯɾika/; 'Africa'), Shiberia (シベリア; /ɕibeɾia/; 'Siberia'), Itaria (イタリア; /itaɾia/; 'Italy'), Betonamu (ベトナム; /betonamɯ/; 'Vietnam'), etc.

Most other placenames conform to the antepenultimate rule; if they are trimoraic or shorter, they tend to be initial-accented:^[16]

• Tsu (津; /tsɯ́/), Ise (伊勢; /íse/), Kure (呉; /kɯ́ɾe/), Nara (奈良; /náɾa/), Chiba (千葉; /cɕíba/), Mie (三重; /míe/), Akita (秋田; /áki̥ta/), Izumo (出雲; /ízɯmo/), Iwate (岩手; /íwate/), Kyōto (京都; /kjóRto/), Kōbe (神戸; /kóRbe/), Nagoya (名古屋; /náɡoja/), Hyōgo (兵庫; /hjóRɡo/), Yamato (大和; /jámato/), Shizuoka (静岡; /ɕizɯ́oka/), Nagasaki (長崎; /naɡásaki/), Fukuoka (福岡; /ɸɯ̥kɯ́oka/), Wakayama (和歌山; /wakájama/), etc.
• Go (呉; /ɡó/; 'Wu'), So (楚; /só/; 'Chu'), Kan (漢・韓; /káN/; 'Han'), Gen (元; /ɡéN/; 'Yuan'), Tō (唐; /tóR/; 'Tang'), Seian (西安; /séiaN/; 'Xi'an'), Tai (泰; /tái/; 'Thailand'), Indo (印度; /íNdo/; 'India'), etc.
• Yōroppa (ヨーロッパ; /joRɾóQpa/; 'Europe'), Rōma (ローマ; /ɾóRma/; 'Rome'), Pari (パリ; /páɾi/; 'Paris'), Suisu (スイス; /sɯ́isɯ/; 'Switzerland'), Doitsu (ドイツ; /dóitsɯ/; 'Germany'), Kanada (カナダ; /kánada/; 'Canada'), Biruma (ビルマ; /bíɾɯma/; 'Birma'), Perū (ペルー; /péɾɯR/; 'Peru'), Supein (スペイン; /sɯ̥péiN/; 'Spain'), Chibetto (チベット; /tibéQto/; 'Tibet'), Nepāru (ネパール; /nepáRɾɯ/; 'Nepal'), Nyū Yōku (ニューヨーク; /njɯR jóRkɯ/; 'New York'), Suwēden (スウェーデン; /sɯwéRdeN/; 'Sweden'), Washinton (ワシントン; /waɕíNtoN/; 'Washington'), Ōsutoraria (オーストラリア; /oRsɯ̥toɾáɾia/; 'Australia'), Hawai (ハワイ; /háwai/; 'Hawaii'), Roshia (ロシア; /ɾóɕia/; 'Russia'), etc.

Some placenames are alternatively penultimate-accented or unaccented if the antepenultimate mora is special or devoiced (the dagger ^† marks obsolete or obsolescent accent):^[14]

• Rikuchū (陸中; /ɾikɯ̥́cɕɯR → ɾikɯ̥cɕɯ́R/), etc.
• Etchū (越中; /éQcɕɯR ~ eQcɕɯ́R/), Bitchū (備中; /bíQcɕɯR ~ biQcɕɯ́R/), Ryūkyū (琉球; /ɾjɯRkjɯ́R/), etc.
• Ōita (大分; /oRita ~ óRita/), Ōsumi (大隅; /óRsɯmi ~ oRsɯmi/), Kōzuke (上野; /kóRzɯke/), Saitama (埼玉・さいたま; /sáitama ~ ^†saitama/), etc.

Long compound placenames behave like long compound common nouns, whether compoundified or non-compoundified see (Japanese pitch accent rules § Non-compoundified compounds):^[14]

• tokoro + sawa → Tokorozawa (所+沢→所沢; 'a place + marsh → Tokorozawa'): /tokoɾo + sawá → tokoɾo-zawa ~ tokoɾó-zawa/
• hira + izumi → Hiraizumi (平+泉→平泉; 'the flat + a spring → Hiraizumi'): /híɾa + izɯmi → hiɾa-ízɯmi/
• higashi + Nakano → Higashinakano (東+中野→東中野; 'east + Nakano → Higashinakano'): /hiɡaɕi ~ hiɡaɕí + nakano → hiɡaɕi-nákano/
• shin + Ōkubo → Shin'ōkubo (新+大久保→新大久保; 'new + Ōkubo → Shin'ōkubo'): /ɕíN + oRkɯbo → ɕiN-óRkɯbo/
• hara → Akihabara (原→秋葉原; 'a plain → Akihabara'): /háɾa → aki̥há-baɾa/
• ike + fukuro → Ikebukuro (池+袋→池袋; 'a pond + a bag → Ikebukuro'): /iké + ɸɯ̥kɯɾó → ike-bɯ́kɯɾo/
• Izu + Nagaoka → Izunagaoka (伊豆+長岡→伊豆長岡): /izɯ + naɡáoka → izɯ-naɡáoka/
• ocha + no + mizu → Ochanomizu (御茶+の+水→御茶ノ水; 'tea + 's + water → Ocha no Mizu'): /ocɕa + no + mizɯ → ocɕa no mizɯ/

Clipped proper nouns

Old-Japanese-derived ‑re personal pronouns, demonstratives and indefinites

Most of the Old Japanese-derived ‑re personal pronouns and their genitive forms are initial-accented:^[18][19][20]

The ko‑, so‑ and a‑ demonstratives are mostly unaccented, while the ka‑ demonstratives and do‑ indefinites are mostly initial-accented:^[21][22][23]

Other indefinites are usually initial-accented:

• nani (何; /náni/ 'what'), nani ka (何か; /náni ka/ 'something'), nan de (何で; /náN de/ 'why'), nan da (何だ; /náN da/ 'is what'), nannin (何人; /náNniN/ 'how many people'), nanji; itsu (何時; /náNʑi; ítsɯ/ 'what time; when'), naze (何故; /náze/ 'why'), ikutsu (幾つ; /íkɯ̥tsɯ/ 'how many'), ikura (幾ら; /íkɯɾa/ 'how much'), etc.
• But: nanibito ~ nanbito ~ nanpito (何人; /nanibito ~ naNbito ~ naNpito/ 'everyone'), naniyue (何故; /nanijɯe/ 'why'), nandoki (何時; /naNdoki/ 'what time ~ when'), nanitozo (何卒; /nanitozo/ 'by any means'), etc.

Verbal attributives

Attributives derived from archaic verbal attributives (see Japanese pitch accent rules (verbs and adjectives) § Conjugational verbal forms) simply keep their regular accent:^[24]

• {aru} + hi → aru hi ({有る→或る}+日→或る日; '{that exists → a certain} + a day → a certain day'): /{áɾɯ} + hí → áɾɯ hi/
• {aru → saru} + mono → saru mono ({有る→然る}+者→然る者; '{that exists → quite a certain} + a person → quite a certain character'): /{áɾɯ → sáɾɯ} + monó → sáɾɯ mono/
• {kaku + aru → kakaru} + jitai → kakaru jitai ({斯く+有る→斯かる}+事態→斯かる事態; '{thus + that exists → such} + a situation → such a situation'): /{kákɯ + áɾɯ → kakáɾɯ} + ʑítai → kakáɾɯ | ʑítai/
• {arayuru} + shudan → arayuru shudan ({有らゆる}+手段→有らゆる手段; '{that can exist → all} + a measure → all measures'): /{aɾajɯ́ɾɯ} + ɕɯ́daN → aɾajɯ́ɾɯ | ɕɯ́daN/
• {ōki naru → ōki na} + kao → ōki na kao ({大きなる→大きな}+顔→大きな顔; '{that is big} + a face → a haughty front'): /{óRki naɾɯ → óRki na} + kao → óRki na (|) kao/
• kaku taru + koto → kaku taru koto (確たる+事→確たる事; 'that is definite + a matter → a definite matter'): /kákɯ̥ taɾɯ + kotó → kákɯ̥ taɾɯ koto ~ kákɯ̥ taɾɯ | kotó/
• {akuru} + asa → akuru asa ({明くる}+朝→明くる朝; '{that shall dawn → the next} + the morning → the next morning'): /{akɯɾɯ} + ása → akɯɾɯ ása/
• {mihatenu} + yume → mihatenu yume ({見果てぬ}+夢→見果てぬ夢; '{that one shan't see through → unrealized} + a dream → an unrealized dream'): /{mihatenɯ ~ mihaténɯ} + jɯmé → mihatenɯ (|) jɯmé ~ mihaténɯ jɯme ~ mihaténɯ | jɯmé/
• {tonda} + koto → tonda koto ({飛んだ→とんだ}+事→とんだ事; '{that has flown → surprising} + a thing → a surprising thing'): /{toNda} + kotó → toNda kotó/

Noun- and demonstrative-derived personal pronouns

Personal pronouns that are etymologically nouns or demonstratives with pronominal uses generally do not have different accent (they, them and their are singular and gender-neutral here):^[25]

• Primarily first-person:
  • watakushi (私): /watakɯ̥ɕi/ 'privacy → I/me → I/me, my formally polite self ~ {I/me, my neutrally polite self → I/me, a female}'
    • → watashi: /wataɕi/ 'I/me, my neutrally polite self → I/me, a female'
      • → watai: /watai/ 'I/me, an informal female'
        • → wate: /wate/ 'I/me, an informal female Kansaian → I/me, an informal male Kansaian'
      • → wasshi ~ watchi: /waQɕi ~ waQcɕi/ 'I/me, a working-class person'
        • → washi (私・儂): /waɕi/ 'I/me, a working-class woman → I/me, your adult male superior'
          • → wai: /wai/ 'I/me, a working-class person → you, my peer/inferior'
    • → atakushi: /atakɯ̥ɕi/ 'I/me, my neutrally polite self'
      • → atashi: /ataɕi/ 'I/me, my informally polite self → I/me, an informal female'
        • → atai: /atai/ 'I/me, my very informally polite self → I/me, a very informal female'
          • → ate: /ate/ 'I/me, a very informal female Kansaian'
        • → asshi: /aQɕi/ 'I/me, a working-class person'
          • → ashi: /aɕi/ 'I/me, a male'
  • boku (僕): /bókɯ ~ bokɯ/ 'a manservant → I/me, your manservant → I/me, a humble male → I/me, your polite male peer/superior → I/me, a little boy → you, a little boy'
  • setsu (拙): /sétsɯ/ 'lowliness → I/me, a humble man'
    • seppu (拙夫): /séQpɯ/ 'a lowly man → I/me, a humble man'
    • sessō (拙僧): /séQsoR ~ seQsoR/ 'I/me, a humble Buddhist monk'
    • sessha (拙者): /seQɕa/ 'I/me, a humble samurai'
  • yo (余・予): /jó/ 'I/me, a formal man' (compare /jó ~ jo/ 'other')
  • chin (朕): /cɕíN/ 'I/me → we/us, the Emperor'
• Primarily second-person:
  • kimi (君): /kimi/ 'a noble → You, my lord/lady → you, my dear'
  • nushi (主): /nɯ́ɕi/ 'a master → You, my master → you, a respectable person → you, my peer/inferior ~ you, my darling man ~ you/he/him, my darling male customer'
    • → nishi: /níɕi/ 'you, my peer/inferior'
    • onushi (御主): /onɯ́ɕi/ 'you, my peer/inferior'
  • temae (手前): /temae/ 'this side before me → I/me ~ you son of a gun'
    • → temē: /temeR/ 'I/me ~ you son of a gun'
  • omae (御前): /omáe/ 'Your/Their presence' → /omae/ 'you/they/them, a respectable person → you/they/them, my peer/inferior'
    • → omē: /omeR/ 'you, my peer/inferior → you, my inferior'
    • → omai: /omai/ 'you, my peer/inferior'
  • anata (彼方・貴方・貴女・貴男): /ánata ~ anáta/ 'that way far from you and me' → /anáta/ 'you, my peer/superior → you, my respectable peer/inferior ~ you, my romantic partner ~ you, my husband ~ they/them, that respectable person'
    • → anta: /áNta/ 'you, my peer/superior → you, my inferior ~ you, my dear'
• Primarily third-person:
  • yatsuko (奴): /jatsɯ̥ko/ 'a servant → I/me, your servant → I/me, my humble self'
    • → yakko: /jaQko/ 'a servant → they/them, that servant → they/them, that son of a gun'
    • → yatsu: /játsɯ/ 'a son of a gun → they/them, that son of a gun'
  • kare (彼): /káɾe/ 'that one far from you and me → {they/them → he/him → he/him, my boyfriend} ~ you'
  • kijo (貴女): /kíʑo/ 'a noblewoman → you, a lady'

Nouns used as adverbs

In principle, when a noun is used as an adverb (see Japanese counter words for the grammar), its accent does not change:^[26][27]

• haru + yuku → haru yuku (春+行く→春行く; 'springtime + goes → goes in spring'): /háɾɯ + jɯkɯ → háɾɯ jɯkɯ/
• kyō + yuku → kyō yuku (今日+行く→今日行く; 'today + goes → goes today'): /kjóR + jɯkɯ → kjóR jɯkɯ/
• hitotsu + kau → hitotsu kau (一つ+買う→一つ買う; 'one thing + buys → buys it in one → buys one of it'): /hi̥tótsɯ + kaɯ → hi̥tótsɯ̥ kaɯ/
• gonen + matta → gonen matta (五年+待った→五年待った; 'five years + awaited → awaited it for five years'): /ɡoneN + máQta → ɡoneN máQta/
• But: tsumari (詰まり; /tsɯmaɾí → tsɯ́maɾi/ 'shrinkage → in short'), tsugō (都合; /tsɯɡoR → tsɯ́ɡoR/ 'one's current circumstance → in total'), yurai (由来; /jɯɾai → jɯ́ɾai/ 'the origin → originally'), kekkō (結構; /keQkoR ~ keQkóR → kéQkoR/ 'decent → decently'), etc.

However, final- and medially penultimate-accented nouns with special final morae, that express quantity or time, can be deaccented as adverbs:

• akuru hi + matsu → akuru hi matsu (明くる日+待つ→明くる日待つ; 'the next day + awaits → awaits it the next day'): /akɯɾɯ hí ~ akɯɾɯ hi + mátsɯ → akɯɾɯ hi mátsɯ/
• futatsu + kau → futatsu kau (二つ+買う→二つ有る; 'two things + buys → buys them in two → buys two of them'): /ɸtatsɯ́ + kaɯ → ɸɯ̥tatsɯ̥ kaɯ/
• futairo + aru → futairo aru (二色+有る→二色有る; 'two colors + exists → exist as two colors → there are two colors of them'): /ɸɯ̥táiɾo ~ ɸɯ̥taiɾó + áɾɯ → ɸɯ̥taiɾo áɾɯ/
• futakumi + ita → futakumi ita (二組+居た→二組居た; 'two sets + exists → exist as two sets → there are two sets of them'): /ɸɯ̥takɯmi ~ ɸɯ̥tákɯmi ~ ɸɯ̥takɯmí + ita → ɸɯ̥takɯmi ita/
• hantsuki + tatsu → hantsuki tatsu (半月+立つ→半月立つ; 'half a month + stands → stands for half a month'): /haNtsɯ̥kí + tátsɯ → haNtsɯ̥ki tátsɯ/
• hantoshi + matsu → hantoshi matsu (半年+待つ→半年待つ; 'half a year + awaits → awaits it for half a year'): /haNtoɕí + mátsɯ → haNtoɕi mátsɯ/
• futari + yuku → futari yuku (二人+行く→二人行く; 'two people + goes → goes as two people'): /ɸɯ̥taɾí + jɯkɯ → ɸɯ̥taɾi jɯkɯ/
• hyaku + aru → hyaku aru (百+有る→百有る; 'a hundred + exists → exist as a hundred → there are a hundred of them'): /hjakɯ́ + áɾɯ → hjakɯ áɾɯ/
• gohyaku + tarinai → gohyaku tarinai (五百+足りない→五百足りない; 'five hundred + suffices → don't suffice by five hundred → are five hundred short'): /ɡohjakɯ́ + taɾinai → ɡohjakɯ̥ taɾinai/
• jūichi + kuwaeru → jūichi kuwaeru (十一+加える→十一加える; 'eleven + adds → adds them by eleven → adds eleven more'): /ʑɯRicɕí + kɯwaeɾɯ ~ kɯwaéɾɯ → ʑɯRicɕi kɯwaeɾɯ/
• nido + tabeta → nido tabeta (二度+食べた→二度食べた; 'the second time + ate → ate it for the second time'): /nidó + tábeta → nido tábeta/
• ichinichi + matta → ichinichi matta (一日+待った→一日待った; 'one day + awaited → awaited it for one day'): /icɕinicɕí + máQta → icɕinicɕi máQta/
• nigatsu + kaeru → nigatsu kaeru (二月+帰る→二月帰る; 'February + goes home → goes home in February'): /niɡatsɯ́ + káeɾɯ → niɡatsɯ̥ káeɾɯ/
• shōgatsu + itta → shōgatsu itta (正月+入った→正月入った; 'January + gets in → gets in in January'): /ɕoRɡatsɯ́ + jɯkɯ → ɕoRɡatsɯ iQta/
• natsu + yuku → natsu yuku (夏+行く→夏行く; 'summer + goes → goes in summer'): /natsɯ́ + jɯkɯ → natsɯ jɯkɯ/
• fuyu + kaeru → fuyu kaeru (冬+帰る→冬帰る; 'winter + goes home → goes home in winter'): /ɸɯjɯ́ + káeɾɯ → ɸɯjɯ káeɾɯ/
• asu + yuku → asu yuku (明日+行く→明日行く; 'tomorrow + goes → goes tomorrow'): /asɯ́ + jɯkɯ → asɯ jɯkɯ/
• ashita + kaeru → ashita kaeru (明日+帰る→明日帰る; 'tomorrow + goes home → goes home tomorrow'): /aɕi̥tá + káeɾɯ → aɕi̥ta káeɾɯ/
• yūbe + kaetta → yūbe kaetta (夕べ+帰った→夕べ帰った; 'the evening + went home → went home in the evening'): /jɯRbé + káeQta → jɯRbe káeQta/
• rokujū + sugita → rokujū sugita (六十+過ぎた→六十過ぎた; 'sixty + exceeded → exceeded by sixty → were sixty too many'): /ɾokɯʑɯ́R + sɯ́ɡita → ɾokɯʑɯR sɯ́ɡita/
• ichigō + nonda → ichigō nonda (一合+飲んだ→一合飲んだ; 'one gě + drank → drank it in one gě → drank one gě of it'): /icɕiɡóR ~ icɕíɡoR ~ icɕiɡoR + nóNda → icɕiɡoR nóNda/
• tō + kau → tō kau (十+買う→十買う; 'ten + buys → buys them in ten → buys ten of them'): /tóR + kaɯ → toR kaɯ/
• kinō + mita → kinō mita (昨日+見た→昨日見た; 'yesterday + saw → saw it yesterday'): /kinóR + míta → kinoR míta/
• ōzei + iru → ōzei iru (大勢+居る→大勢居る; 'a flock + exists → exist as a flock → there are a flock of them'): /oRzéi + iɾɯ → oRzei iɾɯ/
• nikai + owaru → nikai owaru (二回+終わる→二回終わる; 'two times + ends → ends twice'): /nikái + owaɾɯ → nikai owaɾɯ/
• ototoi + itta → ototoi itta (一昨日+入った→一昨日入った; 'the day before yesterday + got in → got in the day before yesterday'): /ototói + iQta → ototoi iQta/
• kunin + ita → kunin ita (九人+居た→九人居た; 'nine people + existed → existed as nine people → there were nine of those people'): /kɯníN + ita → kɯniN ita/
• takusan + kau → takusan kau (沢山+買う→沢山買う; 'a large quantity + buys → buys them in a large quantity → buys a lot of them'): /takɯ̥sáN + kaɯ → takɯ̥saN kaɯ/
• hanbun + motsu → hanbun motsu (半分+持つ→半分持つ; 'half + holds → holds it by a half → holds half of it'): /haNbɯ́N + mótsɯ → haNbɯN mótsɯ/

Some younger speakers may ignore this rule:

• natsu + yuku → natsu yuku (夏+行く→夏行く; 'summer + goes → goes in summer'): /natsɯ́ + jɯkɯ → natsɯ́ jɯkɯ/

To ideophonic adverbs

Adverbs that are ideophones and end in the particle to follow certain patterns as follows.^[28]

Trimoraic or shorter to adverbs whose penultimate mora is special tend to be initial-accented:

• fu to (ふと; /ɸɯ̥ to ~ ɸɯ̥́ to/), chi to ~ chitto (些と; /cɕi̥(Q)to ~ cɕí̥ to ~ cɕi̥Qtó/), katto (かっと; /kaQto ~ káQto/), futto (ふっと; /ɸɯ̥́Qto ~ ɸɯ̥Qto/), motto (もっと; /móQto/), watto (わっと; /wáQto/), den to (でんと; /déNto/), pon to (ぽんと; /póN to ~ poN to/), chō to (丁と; /cɕóR to/), pui to (ぷいと; /pɯi to ~ pɯ́i to ~ pɯi tó/), etc.
• But: kitto (屹度; /ki̥Qto/), sotto (そっと; /soQto/), chan to (ちゃんと; /cɕaN to/), etc.

Trimorae whose penultimate mora is not special can be either initial- or penultimate-accented: chira to (ちらと; /cɕiɾá to ~ cɕíɾa to/), etc.

Quadrimorae and sexamoraic reduplicatives whose penultimate mora is /Q/ tend to be accented on the antepenultimate mora, unless that mora is /R/:

• karatto (からっと; /kaɾáQto/), chiratto (ちらっと; /cɕiɾáQto/), kerotto (けろっと; /keɾóQto/), piritto (ぴりっと; /piɾíQto/), piriritto (ぴりりっと; /piɾiɾíQto/), kiraritto (きらりっと; /kiɾaɾíQto/), gororitto (ごろりっと; /ɡoɾoɾíQto/), etc.
• dokidokitto (どきどきっと; /dokidokí̥Qto/), gorogorotto (ごろごろっと; /ɡoɾoɡoɾóQto/), furafuratto (ふらふらっと; /ɸɯɾapɯɾáQto/), buruburutto (ぶるぶるっと; /bɯɾɯbɯɾɯ́Qto/), etc.
• kātto (かあっと; /kaRQto/), fūtto (ふうっと; /ɸɯRQto/), pōtto (ぽおっと; /poRQto/), etc.
• A case where /R/ is accentable: hyūtto (ひゅうっと; /hjɯŔQto/)

Other to adverbs' stems with specific endings:

• ‑ri tems tend to be equally likely penultimate- or final-accented if trimoraic, and mostly penultimate-accented if quadrimoraic:
  • kirari (きらり; /kiɾáɾi ~ kiɾaɾí/), kiriri (きりり; /kiɾíɾi ~ kiɾiɾí/), korori (ころり; /koɾóɾi ~ koɾoɾí/), gorori (ごろり; /ɡoɾóɾi ~ ɡoɾoɾí/), tsururi (つるり; /tsɯɾɯ́ɾi ~ tsɯɾɯɾí/), nikori (にこり; /nikóɾi ~ nikoɾí/), hiyari (ひやり; /hijáɾi ~ hijaɾí/), hiriri (ひりり; /hiɾíɾi ~ hiɾiɾí/), piriri (ぴりり; /piɾíɾi ~ piɾiɾí/), furari (ふらり; /ɸɯɾáɾi ~ ɸɯɾaɾí/), etc.
  • uttori (うっとり; /ɯQtóɾi/), gakkari (がっかり; /ɡaQkáɾi/), sappari (さっぱり; /saQpáɾi/), tappuri (たっぷり; /taQpɯ́ɾi/), pittari (ぴったり; /pi̥Qtáɾi/), yukkuri (ゆっくり; /jɯQkɯ́ɾi/), yuttari (ゆったり; /jɯQtáɾi/)
  • unzari (うんざり; /ɯNzáɾi/), konmori (こんもり; /koNmóɾi/), shonbori (しょんぼり; /ɕoNbóɾi/), shinmiri (しんみり; /ɕiNmíɾi/), funwari (ふんわり; /ɸɯNwáɾi/), yanwari (やんわり; /jaNwáɾi/), etc.
  • But: kokkuri (こっくり; /kóQkɯɾi ~ koQkɯ́ɾi/)
• ‑n stems tend to be penultimate-accented:
  • ton (とん; /tóN/), don (どん; /dóN/), chon (ちょん; /cɕóN/), etc.
  • ka(t)tan (か(っ)たん; /ka(Q)táN/), ga(t)tan (が(っ)たん; /ɡa(Q)táN/), ko(t)ton (こ(っ)とん; /ko(Q)tóN/), goton (ごとん; /ɡotóN/), su(t)ton (す(っ)とん; /sɯ̥(Q)tóN/), pu(t)tsun (ぷ(っ)つん; /pɯ̥(Q)tsɯ́N/), kororin (ころりん; /koɾoɾíN/), tsurun (つるん; /tsɯɾɯ́N/), tsururin (つるりん; /tsɯɾɯɾíN/), buran (ぶらん; /bɯɾáN/), burarin (ぶらりん; /bɯɾaɾíN/), nohohon (のほほん; /nohohóN/), etc.
  • But: gittan (ぎったん; /ɡíQtaN/), battan (ばったん; /báQtaN/)