Javānmardi
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Javānmardi (Persian: جوانمردی) is a Persian word which refers broadly to the ideological or philosophical underpinnings of an ethical system dominated by altruism, magnanimity and liberality linked to chivalry, and particularly spiritual chivalry.[1] It is a concept usually discussed within Sufi contexts.
The lutis (Persian: لوتی lūtī) were a unique type of masculine men with roots from the Persian Sufi brotherhoods, ayyārs, and futuwwa ideas in 15th-19th century Persia. They had distinct rites, attitudes, clothing, and traits, most notably practicing Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals. Their spiritual and martial model of masculinity was javānmardi, which means the state of being javānmard.[2] Fellow lufti ayyār members were considered to be Dash mashti (or "Fellow bro(ther)s"), towards whom you have a commitment. They also consumed wine and even read Iranian poetry like Ferdowsi.
In late 19th century, a unifying national Persian masculine gender identity was gradually formed during the political and social developments and modernization/Westernization in late Qajar (1785-1925), particularly during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911), and first Pahlavi periods (1925-1941), which came into conflict with the ideals, norms, traits, and appearance of the lutis; the latter gradually became menacing, counter-normative, deviant, anxiety-provoking, chaotic, and violent.[2]