Jean Baptiste Moussier
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Jean Baptiste Moussier (died 1831) was an American merchant and slave trader from New Orleans, Louisiana. A French Louisianian, in the 1810s he became involved in the coastal slave trade, moving enslaved persons from the Chesapeake to Louisiana. A diversified entrepreneur, Moussier later pursued real estate and finance, and is credited with inventing the concept of Louisiana property banking which allowed his customers to purchase enslaved persons on credit.
Slave trader
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Moussier was a Francophone resident of New Orleans. A merchant by trade, he first sold cotton and sugar from other French Louisianans and Creoles to buyers elsewhere in the United States and in Europe.[1] Based in New Orleans' French Quarter, Moussier conducted his business in the neighborhood of today's Burgundy and Dumaine streets.[1] In 1809 a letter written in French and attributed to Moussier was sent to Thomas Jefferson describing a shipment of books and artworks from the continent to the new United States.[2][3]
In the 1810s, Moussier looked to diversify his trading activities through the coastwise slave trade, which more insulated from price volatility as compared to other goods.[4] New Orleans throughout the 1800s was one of the biggest markets for the domestic slave trade in the United States.[5] He first travelled to Maryland and Virginia to purchase slaves to send south as an individual. An ambitious entrepreneur, he financed his own journeys, managed his own financing and understood the needs of his customers well, allowing him to take strategic risks.[6] He would later build connections with the Tabb family of Norfolk, Virginia, who were known primarily as traders of cotton and tobacco. The Tabbs would work as an agent for Moussier in the upper South, shipping enslaved people for him south as they moved Southern goods northward.[1]
Compared to other slave traders operating from the Chesapeake (such as Austin Woolfolk), Moussier was distinguished for his knowledge of the business environment of New Orleans and his deep network of Creole customers.[1] Among Moussier's customers whom he sold slaves was Francis Xavier Martin, the former Louisiana attorney general.[1]
Lafayette's tour
Through his business connections, Moussier became known for his diplomatic skills and for building strategic alliances.[6] In 1824, he accompanied Marquis de Lafayette on his grand tour in New York and Virginia. At the conclusion of the tour, Moussier turned his new networks into business connections, shipping enslaved persons from Norfolk to Louisiana.[1]
Property banking
Many slave trades during Moussier's time were conducted on credit. He used this expertise to move on from slave trading into real estate and banking. He would later become known for popularizing the concept of Louisiana property banking.[1][7][8] In 1819, as he was entering the interstate slave trade, Moussier and his New Orleans Creole business network developed the concept of the Consolidated Association, which would later be refined by Edmund Jean Forstall and others.[9][10] Moussier's property banks would later attract outside investors from Britain and Europe, allowing Southern planters to access advance funding and credit to purchase slaves.[8][11][12]
Personal life
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Moussier was married to Marie Elizabeth Chloé Lezongar de Lasalle and the couple had four children, Stephen Gustave Moussier, Victorie Amelie, Marie Ann Celine and Marie Emma.[1] He owned and operated a sugar plantation, known as Grande-Terre Plantation on the Jefferson Parish barrier island of the same name in the Gulf of Mexico.[11] He acquired one half of the island from owner Francois Mayronne in 1821, and the other half in 1823.[13] The island, formerly the domain of pirate, privateer and slave trader Jean Lafitte, is at the mouth of Barataria Bay where it meets the Gulf.
Moussier managed the plantation until he died at home in New Orleans on June 11, 1831.[1][14][13] Moussier died heavily in debt. When an inventory was done on Grande-Terre Plantation after his death, Moussier's 61 slaves were assessed with a total value of $21,905.00.[13] The majority of the plantation and Moussier's slaves were purchased by the Consolidated Association of the Planters of Louisiana to clear Moussier's debts.[13] The remainder of the plantation's slaves were purchased by the Moussier family. In 1841, the island was bought by the U.S. government to construct Fort Livingston.[15]
Due to Moussier's respect in his community, in 1836, Citizens' Bank of New Orleans, a bank that had not existed when Moussier was alive, issued "a sum of $2500" to provide for the welfare of Moussier's daughters who by that time were living in a destitute situation.[11]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Schermerhorn, Jack Lawrence (2015). """THE MOST nOTORIOUS OF THE BALTIMORE NEGRO- BUYERS"". The Business of Slavery and the Rise of American Capitalism, 1815†"1860, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015, pp. 33-68". wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org. doi:10.12987/9780300213898-004. Retrieved 2025-02-07.
- ↑ Looney, J. Jefferson, ed. (2005-12-31), "SEPTEMBER 1809", The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, Volume 1, Princeton University Press, pp. 483–569, doi:10.1515/9780691184593-015, ISBN 978-0-691-18459-3, retrieved 2025-02-07
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) - ↑ "Founders Online: J. B. Moussier to Thomas Jefferson, 14 September 1809". founders.archives.gov. Retrieved 2025-02-07.
- ↑ Beckert, Sven; Rockman, Seth, eds. (2016-10-31). Slavery's Capitalism. University of Pennsylvania Press. doi:10.9783/9780812293098. ISBN 978-0-8122-9309-8.
- ↑ "New Orleans was once the center of U.S. slave trade. This artist wants to make sure we don't forget". PBS News. 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2025-02-07.
- 1 2 Schermerhorn, Calvin (2016-12-31), Beckert, Sven; Rockman, Seth (eds.), "Chapter 10. The Coastwise Slave Trade and a Mercantile Community of Interest", Slavery's Capitalism, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 209–224, doi:10.9783/9780812293098-011, ISBN 978-0-8122-9309-8, retrieved 2025-02-07
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) - ↑ Turner-Neal, Chris (2023-05-23). "Not Worth the Paper They Were Printed On". 64 Parishes. Retrieved 2025-02-07.
- 1 2 "Bank Bonds and Bondspersons", The Business of Slavery and the Rise of American Capitalism, 1815–1860, Yale University Press, pp. 95–123, 2017-12-31, doi:10.12987/9780300213898-006, ISBN 978-0-300-21389-8, retrieved 2025-02-07
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) - ↑ Green, George D. (1968). "The Citizens Bank of Louisiana: Property Banking in Troubled Times, 1833-1842". Papers of the Annual Meeting of the Business History Conference. 15: 58–71. ISSN 0272-6270. JSTOR 43894447.
- ↑ Grenier, Emile (1938-01-01). "The Early Financing of the Consolidated Association of the Planters of Louisiana". LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. doi:10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.8340.
- 1 2 3 Neu, Irene D. (January 1961). "J. B. Moussier and the Property Banks of Louisiana". Business History Review. 35 (4): 550–557. doi:10.2307/3111757. ISSN 2044-768X. JSTOR 3111757.
- ↑ Green, George D. (1968). "The Citizens Bank of Louisiana: Property Banking in Troubled Times, 1833-1842". Papers of the Annual Meeting of the Business History Conference. 15: 58–71. ISSN 0272-6270. JSTOR 43894447.
- 1 2 3 4 "Cultural Resources Investigations on Grand Terre Island, Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, Final Report". US Army Corps Cultural Resources Series of Engineers New Orleans District Report Number: COELMN/PD - 95/05 November 1995. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps Of Engineers New Orleans District by Earth Search Inc.
- ↑ Swanson, Betsy (2003-12-31). Historic Jefferson Parish: From Shore to Shore. Pelican Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4556-0576-7.
- ↑ "Grand Terre Island and Historical Fort Restoration to Begin | Department of Energy and Natural Resources | State of Louisiana". www.dnr.louisiana.gov. Retrieved 2025-02-08.